Telephone. Basic Telephone. A telephone is an electronic device used for two- way talking with other people. EE1D01 Electrical Science for Everyone
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1 Telephone A telephone is an electronic device used for two- way talking with other people. 1 Basic Telephone Telephone Subscriber Line CO (Local Exchange) T dial switch cradle switch tip (+) ear R mouth off-hook DTMF on-hook C ringer ring (-) SLIC 2
2 Subscriber Line Interface Subscriber Line Interface Circuit Telephone tip (+) ring switch T Subscriber Line ring (-) current detector hybrid crossconnect switch control channel ring generator (100V rms 25 Hz) ~ -48 VDC Processor Call States idle on hook dialing dialing in progress calling after dialing ringing incoming call called call in progress 3 Subscriber Line Interface 4
3 Telephone Switching Network local loop Local Exchange subscriber line Local Exchange Long distance network trunk circuit Local Exchange Many local telephone exchanges had sprung up Bell Telephone acquired them and interconnected them for long distance 5 US Telephone Switching Network Class 1 Regional centers Class 2 Class 2 Sectional centers Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Primary centers Class 4 Class 4 Class 4 Class 4 Toll (tandem) offices circuits,trunks Class 5 Class 5 Class 5 Class 5 Class 5 Central (end) offices local loop subscriber lines last mile Class 5 switch is the sole interface to the subscriber lines 6
4 Pulse Dialing and Tone Dialing 7 Multiplexing 8
5 Time Division Multiplexing 9 Switching Classes 10
6 Class 5 to Class 4 Connection 11 12
7 Mobile Communication 13 Cellular Concept The core idea that led to today s system was the cellular concept. The cellular concept: multiple lower-power base stations that service mobile users within their coverage area and handoff users to neighboring base stations as users move. Together base stations tessellate the system coverage area. 14
8 Cellular Concept Thus, instead of one base station covering an entire city, the city was broken up into cells, or smaller coverage areas. Each of these smaller coverage areas had its own lower-power base station. User phones in one cell communicate with the base station in that cell. 15 Circular Coverage Areas Original cellular system was developed assuming base station antennas are omnidirectional, i.e., they transmit in all directions equally. Users located outside some distance to the base station receive weak signals. Weak signal Strong signal Result: base station has circular coverage area. 16
9 Multiple Antennas on Cell Towers Cellular base station tower (antenna tower that cell phones talk to) use multiple antenna to improve the quality of voice signal received from cell phone users. 17 A Handoff At some point, the user s signal is weak enough at B 1 and strong enough at B 2 for a handoff to occur. Specifically, messages are exchanged between the user, B 1, and B 2 so that communication to/from the user is transferred from B 1 to B 2. 18
10 Example of Frequency Reuse Cells using the same frequencies 19 Cellular Telephone 2 nd Generation PCS Personal Communication Systems essentially all-digital cell phone service PCS phones came in three technologies: TDMA time division multiple access CDMA code division multiple access GSM global system for mobile communications 20
11 Cellular Telephone 2.5 Generation AT&T Wireless, Cingular Wireless, and T-Mobile now using GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) in their GSM networks (can transmit data at 30 kbps to 40 kbps) Verizon Wireless, Alltel, U.S.Cellular, and Sprint PCS are using CDMA2000 1xRTT (one carrier radiotransmission technology) (50 kbps to 75 kbps) Nextel used IDEN technology EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) replaces GSM and can transfer data at rates of 70 kbps to 135 kbps 21 Cellular Telephone 3 rd Generation UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) also called Wideband CDMA; the 3G version of GPRS; UMTS not backward compatible with GSM (thus requires phones with multiple decoders) (200 kbps to 300 kbps) 1XEV (1 x Enhanced Version) The 3G replacement for 1xRTT; will come in two forms: 1xEV-DO for data only (400 kbps to 700 kbps) 1xEV-DV for data and voice HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is an extension of the GSM/EDGE technology. Data rates 400 kbps to 700 kbps. EV-DO Rev.A speeds up to 3.1 Mbps 22
12 Cellular Telephone 3 rd Generation MPEG4 Encoded Content Content Server 3G 3G Distribution Distribution Network Network What is Mobile Telephony (3G)? Direct to consumer service carried in-band over 3G mobile telephone networks, offering: Recorded video-clips Could provide mobisodes Video messaging between handsets Content can be FTV or pay-tv 3G handset 3G cellular transceiver network 23 Cellular Telephone 4 th Generation 24
13 Internet Telephony (Voice over IP) The transfer of voice signals using a packet switched network and the IP protocol. Voice over IP (VoIP) can be internal to a company (private VoIP) or can be external using the Internet. VoIP consumes many resources and may not always work well, but can be cost effective in certain situations. Three basic ways to make a telephone call using VoIP: 1. PC to PC using sound cards and headsets (or speakers and microphone) 2. PC to telephone (need a gateway to convert IP addresses to telephone numbers) 3. Telephone to telephone (need gateways) 25 Internet Protocol (IP) Phone System Simple Management Platform for Voice and Data Centralized Maintenance, Upgrade and Operation Manage Incoming Calls Easily (Detailed Call Log, Screen Pop) Simple Outgoing Calls by Universal Directory Access (Phone Book) Easy to Add or Relocate IP Phones 26
14 Modem For transfer information signals through telephone network In a sender, modulation is a technique that enables information signals to be passed a telephone network, which superimpose the information signal on to a simple carrier signal in such a way that one or more components (amplitude, frequency, phase) of the carrier are modified to carry the information In a receiver, reverse process called demodulation is carried out to retrieves back the information 27 Modem Amplitude Modulation Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation 28
15 Modem Analog signal Digital signal Digital signal Sending site Modem Modem Receiving site Using modems to send and receive data 29 Networks and the Internet A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together Used to to share Resources Hardware devices Software programs Data Data Information To To save time and money 30
16 What is a Network? A network is simply two or more computers that are linked together. The most common types of networks are: Local Area Networks (LANS) and Wide Area Networks (WANS). The primary difference between the two is that a LAN is generally confined to a limited geographical area, whereas a WAN covers a large geographical area. Most WANs are made up of several connected LANs. 31 Computer Networks 32
17 LAN (Local Area Network) A network of computers that are in the same physical location, such as home or building Usually connected using Ethernet A standard on how computers communicate over a shared media (cable) Old: BNC connector for coaxial cable New: RJ45 for twisted pair cable 33 Isolating Traffic Patterns with Switches 34
18 WLAN (Wireless LAN) Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) A wireless technology that connects computers without cables Access Point (AP) A device (base station) that connects wireless devices together Usually connected to a wired-network ESSID (Extended Service Set ID) A name for the AP, eg. mobilenet Hotspot The area covered by wireless access points 35 Wireless LAN 36
19 Wireless LAN Approved 2007, 540Mb/s 37 Router Routers connect two or more networks and forward data packets between them. When data arrives from one of the segments, the router decides, according to it's routing table, to which segment to forward that data. 38
20 LAN to WAN connection 39 Networks and the Internet Worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals 40
21 Networks and the Internet the Internet is a vast, international network of computers the physical connections between computers vary, but the overall effect is that computers around the world can communicate and share resources the Internet traces its roots back to 1969, when the U.S. government sponsored the first long-distance computer network starting with only 4 computers, the network would eventually evolve into today's Internet the World Wide Web is a collection of software that spans the Internet and enables the interlinking of documents and resources the basic idea for the Web was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 his system interlinked documents (including multimedia elements such as images and sound clips) over the Internet through the use of well-defined rules, or protocols, that define how they are formatted, documents could be shared across networks on various types of computers 41 What is the Web? Billions of documents, called Web pages, available to anyone connected to the Internet A Web Web site siteis is a collection of of related Web Web pages You can can share information on on a social networking Web site site A podcast is is recorded audio stored on on a Web Web site site that that can can be be downloaded A Web Web page pagecontains text, text, graphics, audio, video, and and links links to to other other Web Web pages A blog blog consists of of timestamped articles in in a journal format 42
22 Viewing a Web Page a Web page is a text document that contains additional formatting information in a language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) a Web browser is a program that accesses a Web page, interprets its content, and displays the page 43 Web Addresses a Web server is an Internet-enabled computer that stores Web pages and executes software for providing access to the pages when you request a Web page, the browser sends a request over the Internet to the appropriate server the server locates the specified page and sends it back to your computer Web pages require uniform names to locate and identify them uniquely each page is assigned a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) URL's are commonly referred to as Web addresses the different parts of the Web address provide information for locating the page 44
23 Internet World Wide Web the Internet could exist without the Web and did, in fact, for many years (applications included and news groups) the Web couldn't exist without the Internet the Internet is the hardware that stores and executes the Web software 45 Internet Service Provider (ISP) An ISP is a company that maintains Internet computers and telecommunications equipment in order to provide Internet access to businesses, organizations and individuals User ID and password required account monthly fee May have local access telephone numbers 46
24 Dial-up Services Modem Modulator/demodulator A device that converts analog signal to digital (modulation) and vice versa (demodulation) Speed 1200/2400/9600 bps 14.4/28.8/33.6 Kbps 56 Kbps 47 Digital Subscriber Line Digital subscriber line (DSL) is a relative newcomer to the field of leased line services. DSL can provide very high data transfer rates over standard telephone lines. DSL, depending on the type of service, is capable of transmission speeds from 100s of kilobits into single-digit megabits. Because DSL is highly dependent upon noise levels, a subscriber cannot be any more than 5.5 kilometers (2-3 miles) from the DSL central office. A DSL service can be symmetric, in which the downstream and upstream speeds are identical, or asymmetric in which the downstream speed is faster than the upstream speed. 48
25 Digital Subscriber Line A DSL service often connects a user to the Internet. A DSL service can also provide a regular telephone service. The DSL provider uses a DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM) to split off the individual DSL lines into homes and businesses. A user than needs a splitter to separate the telephone line from the DSL line, and then a DSL modem to convert the DSL signals into a form recognized by the computer. 49 Splitter for DSL 50
26 Digital Subscriber Line 51 Cable Modems Cable modems allow high speed access to wide area networks such as the Internet. Most cable modems are external devices that connect to the personal computer through a common Ethernet card. Cable modems can provide data transfer speeds between 500kbps and 2.5Mbps
27 Home Network (single machine) Wall Jack DSL/Cable Modem USB/Ethernet Cable 53 Home Network (multiple machines) Wall Jack Ethernet Cable DSL/Cable Modem Hub/Switch/Router 54
28 Home Wireless Network Wall Jack Ethernet Cable DSL/Cable Modem Hub/Switch/Router 55 Home Wireless Network 56
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