Introduction to Networks
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1 Introduction to Networks CAN1103 Slide Set 1 Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 1
2 Learning Objectives Define and identify the different types of networks Describe the history of LANs and WANs Discuss LAN and WAN integration, including the basic functions of bridges, routers, gateways, and switches Describe network protocol integration methods Explain the preparatory steps of network design Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 2
3 Network: Definition A set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links (wired or wireless). A node can be a computer, or any device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria. The most important of those are: Performance, Reliability and Security. Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 3
4 Types of Communication Links Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 4
5 Physical Topology The physical topology refers to the way a network is laid out physically. 2 or more nodes connect to a link. 2 or more links form a topology. The topology is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and nodes to one another. The are usually four basic topologies: Mesh, Star, Bus and Ring. Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 5
6 Mesh Topology In a mesh topology, every node has a dedicated point to point link to every other node. Full Mesh: Partial Mesh: Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 6
7 Star Topology In a star topology, each node has a dedicated point to point link only to a central controller, usually a hub or switch. Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 7
8 Bus Topology In a bus topology, a multipoint link is used. One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network. Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 8
9 Ring Topology In a ring topology, each node has a dedicated point to point link only with the two nodes on either side of it. Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 9
10 Hybrid: Star Bus Topology In a star bus topology, several star topology networks are linked together with linear bus trunks. Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 10
11 Hybrid: Star Ring Topology In a star ring topology, sub hubs are linked together in a star pattern to a main hub, rather than to themselves with linear bus trunks. Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 11
12 Network Types Defined Local area networks Metropolitan area networks Wide area networks Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 12
13 Local Area Network (LAN) Series of interconnected computers, printing devices, and other computer equipment that share hardware and software resources Service area usually limited to a given office area, floor, or building and is usually privately owned. Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 13
14 Example of a LAN Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 14
15 Metropolitan Area Network Links multiple LANs in a large city or metropolitan region. May be wholly owned & operated by a private company or it may be a service provided by a public company, such as a local telephone company. Many telcos usually provide popular services like Switched Multi Megabit Data Services (SMDS). Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 15
16 Example of a MAN Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 16
17 Wide Area Network (WAN) Provides long distance transmission of data, voice, image and video information over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent, even the whole world. The best example of a WAN is the Internet. Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 17
18 Identifying a Network Type Communications medium Wire cable, fiber optic cable, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation. Protocol How networked data is formatted into discrete units How each unit is transmitted and interpreted Topology Physical layout of cable and logical path Network type Private versus public Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 18
19 Network Classification Enterprise network Combination of LANs, MANs, or WANs that provides users with an array of computer and network resources to complete different tasks. Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 19
20 Enterprise Network Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 20
21 Events that Led up to LANs and WANs 1800s Oersted Morse Undersea cable Pony Express Bell 1900s Transcontinental and transatlantic calls Voice digitization Electronic digital computers Transistors Sputnik Communications satellites ASCII Mass produced minicomputers Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 21
22 LAN/WAN History: 1960s First WAN Hypertext Use of fiber optics for phone signals Beginning of ARPANET Packets and packet switching UNIX Telecommunications equipment First IMP prototype Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 22
23 LAN/WAN History: 1970s Ethernet ARPANET 15 sites E mail Terminal emulation International connections to ARPANET Telecommunications conversion from analog to digital X.25 First wireless gateway Internet Protocol LSI and VLSI chips ICCB Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 23
24 LAN/WAN History: 1980s BITNET IBM s PC Dial up modem technology TCP and IP adopted as protocol suite for ARPANET First PC LAN Arrival of Internet Internetwork hosts 5,000 in ,000 in 1989 Cyberspace T carrier services NFSNET Desktop authoring and multimedia SNMP Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 24
25 LAN/WAN History: 1990s ARPANET retired SS7 technology NSFNET opened to commercial use First cyberbank Internet service providers Over 16 million Internet hosts Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 25
26 LAN/WAN History: 2000s IPv6 used for Internet2 backbone communications Video and radio capability Prices of 1 Gbps devices fall as competition increases Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 26
27 LAN/WAN Integration Becoming more advanced through networking devices Bridges Routers Gateways Switches Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 27
28 Bridges Connect different LANs or LAN segments using the same access method Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 28
29 Routers Connect networks having the same or different access methods and media Forward packets and frames to networks by using a decision making process based on: Routing table data Discovery of most efficient routes Preprogrammed information from network administrator Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 29
30 Routers Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 30
31 Gateways Enable communications between two different types of networked systems. Must have at least two network interfaces and is usually performed by a device that can process up to the application layer, usually, a computer. Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 31
32 Switches Link network segments Forward and filter frames between segments Rishi Heerasing SOBISE 32
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