An Energy-Efficient MAC using Dynamic Phase Shift for Wireless Sensor Networks
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1 An Energy-Efficient MAC using Dynamic Phase Shift for Wireless Sensor Networks Yoh-han Lee Department of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology Daejeon, KOREA Daeyoung Kim Department of Computer Science Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology Daejeon, KOREA Abstract In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic phase shift (DPS) scheme for energy efficiency in multi-hop wireless sensor networks. The DPS algorithm allows not only a receiver to shift its wake-up schedule dynamically to a sender s wake-up schedule, but also a sender to shift its wake-up schedule dynamically to a receiver s wake-up schedule to reduce the energy waste that occurs during a rendezvous period of asynchronous duty cycle scheme. Based on the DPS algorithm, we also propose DPS-MAC, in which a collision avoidance scheme and a delay reduction technique have been included. Furthermore, we design the DPS- MAC to cooperate with the network layer for energy saving of the overall network. Simulation results show that the proposed DPS-MAC achieves better energy efficiency and improved latency compared to a conventional asynchronous MAC protocol. I. INTRODUCTION The energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks is one of the most important research areas because most sensor nodes work with a limited battery in real applications. Several researchers have reported that idle listening, in which nodes spend most of the time just listening to the channel to receive potential packets, is a major source of energy waste in wireless sensor networks [2], [3]. Idle listening stems from a characteristic of typical sensor networks, which is that they have relatively low communication traffic and short packets [3], [4]. A duty cycle scheme was proposed to solve the idle listening problem. In the scheme, nodes are powered on and off periodically to avoid the idle listening [3], [5], [6]. Conventional contention-based MAC protocols using duty cycle scheme for energy efficiency can be roughly categorized into a synchronous approach and an asynchronous approach. In the synchronous approach [2], [3], the wake-up schedule is synchronized by coordinating their wake-up schedules. In contrast, in the asynchronous approach [5], [6], [8], the wakeup schedule is independent between nodes; therefore, a rendezvous scheme should be used to arrange simultaneous active-time between nodes with the independent schedule. The rendezvous scheme in the asynchronous approach can be classified into a sender-initiated asynchronous scheme [8], [4] and a receiver-initiated asynchronous scheme [10], [4], based on who initiates data transmission. The synchronous approaches, such as S-MAC [2] or T- MAC [3] archive the energy-efficient transmission based on local synchronization between neighbors; however, as the number of nodes increases, the synchronous MAC protocol tends to have increasing overhead for the scheduling management and more energy consumption in the overlapping region of virtual clusters [7]. On the other hand, the asynchronous MAC protocols, such as X-MAC [8] or RI-MAC [10] achieve a reduced preamble or waiting duration on average by exploiting a short preamble scheme or by using a receiver-initiated transmission based on a beacon, respectively. However, the preamble duration or the beacon waiting duration of the half of the wake-up interval on average still remain to be reduced for more energy efficiency [9]. Based on such observations, and in order to improve energy efficiency, we propose a novel dynamic phase shift algorithm for the wake-up synchronization between a sender and a receiver with an independent wake-up schedule. The proposal allows not only the receiver to dynamically shift its wake-up schedule to the sender s wake- up schedule, but also vice versa. Although the existing Wise-MAC [6] considers the minimization of the long preamble duration by using the sampling schedule information, it is only for the down-link in infrastructure WSNs, where each node is within one-hop range of AP, and AP is assumed to be unconstrained energy. However, the proposed DPS-MAC can be applied for not only the down-link but also the up-link in multi-hop environments without assumption of unconstrained energy in AP. Compared to the S-MAC, the DPS-MAC does not need the SYNC broad-cast packet to maintain synchronization and scheduling. The wake-up synchronization in the DPS-MAC is dynamically archived by phase shift based on the wake-up schedule information embedded in the early ACK in the case of a dynamic phase shift by sender or into the data packet in case of a dynamic phase shift by receiver. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II describes the basic principle of the dynamic phase shift, followed by the DPS-MAC design considerations in Section III. Section IV contains the performance evaluation using simulation. Section V gives concluding remarks. II. PRINCIPLE OF DYNAMIC PHASE SHIFT In this section, we describe the basic principle of the dynamic phase shift algorithm for an asynchronous duty-cycle scheme. We assume that the wake-up interval for the duty cycle is fixed and assigned to all sensor nodes in static time, that the used asynchronous duty-cycle scheme is a senderinitiated scheme, and that the wake-up schedule of each node is initially independent. To simplify the timing relationship, we assume that This research was supported by the MEST (Ministry of Education Science and Technology), Korea, under the NRL (National Research Lab.) support program supervised by the NRF (National Research Foundation of Korea) (NRF )
2 To synchronize the wake-up schedule of the sender to the schedule of the receiver, t s,i in equation (1) should be same as ts,j+1 in equation (2). Therefore, we can obtain the following equation: Tw = α + βs (3) From (3), the dynamic updated value of the wake-up schedule timer of the sender is given by Fig. 1. Basic timing relationship for DPS by sender βs = Τw α (4) Note that the wake-up interval (Tw) is known to all sensor nodes in a static time and the receiver s wake-up schedule information (α) is dynamically delivered from the receiver to the sender. In conclusion, the sender shifts its original wakeup schedule time to the new wakeup schedule time by the following duration: δs = t s,i ts,i (5) Fig. 2. Basic timing relationship for DPS by receiver propagation delay and processing delay during data transfer from a sender to a receiver are negligible. In the DPS procedure, arrived packets from a network layer wait in a queue until next wake-up time. This is needed to synchronize the rendezvous time between a sender and a receiver with the wake-up schedule synchronization, which is done by the dynamic phase shift in order to reduce the energy waste in the conventional asynchronous scheme. There are two methods for the wake-up schedule synchronization: One (DPS by sender) involves having a sender dynamically shift its wakeup schedule to a receiver s wake-up schedule, and the other (DPS by receiver) involves having a receiver dynamically move its wake-up schedule to a sender s wake-up schedule. Figure 1 shows the basic timing relationship of the DPS by sender, in which a sender shifts its wake-up schedule to a receiver s schedule. In this method, a receiver informs the sender of the receiver s wake-up schedule information (α) which is the time duration from the receiver s wake time to the packet transmission time to the sender. We consider how a sender can dynamically determine the new updated timer value (βs) for its wake-up schedule based on the wake-up interval and α. Let Tw be the wake-up interval. We can realize the following relationship from Figure 1. The new phase shifted wake-up schedule time of the sender is t s,i = t s,j + α + βs (1) On the other hand, the next wake-up schedule time of the receiver after informing the sender of α is ts,j+1 = t s,j + Τw (2) In the DPS by receiver, a receiver shifts its wake-up schedule to a sender s schedule in contrast to DPS by sender, as shown in Figure 2. In this method, the sender needs to inform the receiver of its wake-up schedule information (γ), which is the time difference between the sender s wake time and the packet transmission time to the receiver. From Figure 2, the new phase shifted wake-up schedule time of the receiver is t r,j+1 = tr,i-1 + γ + βr (6) In addition, the next wake up schedule time of the sender after informing the receiver of γ is tr,i = tr,i-1 + Τw (7) To synchronize the wake-up schedule of the receiver to the schedule of the sender, t r,j+1 in equation (6) should be equal to tr,i in equation (7). Therefore, we obtain the following equation: Τw = γ + βr (8) From the above equation, the updated wake-up schedule is given by βr = Τw γ (9) where βr is the updated value of the wake-up schedule timer in the receiver. Finally, the dynamic phase shift difference of the receiver between the original wake-up time and the new wakeup time is δr = t r,j+1 tr,j+1 (10)
3 Fig. 3. DPS-MAC (DPS by sender) receiver s wake-up schedule information (α) in its DPS-MAC header, as shown in Figure 5. iv) The sender receives the early ACK packet and immediately stops the current wake-up schedule timer and updates the value of the wake-up schedule timer as βs indicated by eq.(4). v) A data-ack transaction happens between the sender and the receiver. vi) Go to step i). Figure 4 shows the procedure of the DPS by receiver in the DPS-MAC. The procedure of the DPS by receiver can be explained as follows: Fig. 4. DPS-MAC (DPS by receiver) Fig. 5. NWK and DPS-MAC formats for IEEE PHY (The gray shaded fields are used for dynamic phase shift scheme. NHR: Network Header, DPSMHR: DPS-MAC Header) III. DPS-MAC DESIGN In this section, we describe the DPS-MAC protocol, which is based on the dynamic phase shift to reduce the energy waste due to the short preamble duration. The DPS-MAC includes not only the schemes for collision avoidance and delay reduction, but also the cooperation strategy with the network layer to improve the energy efficiency of the overall network. A. Dynamic Pahse Shift The DPS algorithm is based on the principle of the dynamic phase shift, as mentioned in the previous section, and the sender-initiated asynchronous scheme [4], [8]. The DPS-MAC exploits two different DPS methods: one is the DPS by sender, which is useful for up-link traffic; the other is the DPS by receiver, which is used for down-link traffic. Further discussion on how the DPS-MAC interacts with a network layer will be addressed below in part D. Figure 3 shows the procedure of the DPS by sender in the DPS-MAC. We explain the procedure of the DPS by sender as follows: Procedure 1: DPS by sender i) In the sender part, the arrived packets from the network layer queue until the next wake-up time (ts,i-1). ii) The sender wakes up based on its schedule at ts,i-1. If there is some data in the queue, the sender transmits short preamble packets, as shown in Figure 3. iii) After the receiver wakes up at ts,j according to its schedule, it receives the short preamble packet from the sender and sends an early ACK packet, which contains the Procedure 2: DPS by receiver i) In the sender part, the arrived packets from the network layer queue until next wake-up time (tr,i-1). ii) The sender wakes up at tr,i-1 based on its schedule. If there is some data in the queue, sender transmits short preamble packets, as shown in Figure 4. iii) After the receiver wakes up at tr,j, according to its schedule, it receives the short preamble packet from the sender and sends an early ACK packet. iv) The sender receives the early ACK packet and immediately sends the receiver data packet, which contains the sender s wake-up schedule information (γ) in its DPS- MAC header, as shown in Figure 5. v) The recever receives a data packet and immediately stops the current wake-up schedule timer and updates the value of the wake-up schedule timer asβr, indicated by eq.(9) vi) The receiver sends an ACK packet for received data packet to the sender. vii) Go to step i). Also, the DPS procedures may be directly applied to a receiver-initiated asynchronous scheme [4], [10]. B. Collision Avoidance According to preliminary simulation experiments, the packet arrival to transmission waiting until upcoming wake-up time and the wake-up schedule synchronization by the DPS algorithm cause traffic concentration during the active duration after the synchronization of the wake-up schedule between a sender and a receiver. As a result, the DPS algorithm may increase the probability of collision in the active duration compared to non DPS-MAC such as X-MAC. To solve this problem, we adopt the collision avoidance technique using RTS/CTS packets, which include the information about how long the current data transaction will take [1], [3]. In DPS-MAC, the short preamble packet is used for the RTS and the early ACK is used for CTS. If a node overhears the RTS or CTS packet, it recodes the remaining time duration value in a NAV (network allocation vector) and goes to sleep during that time. The physical carrier sense is also used to avoid a collision. The random back-off time within the contention window is selected to check whether the channel is busy or not before data transmission.
4 Fig. 6. Delay reduction in DPS-MAC C. Delay Reduction The delay reduction technique used in DPS-MAC is inspired by the adaptive listening in S-MAC. As shown in Figure 6, if a node overhears its neighbor s RTS or CTS, after sleeping for the time in the NAV, it wakes up for potential data during an adaptive listening period of time. The intermediate node, which receives data from a source node, waits for a short period of time in order to immediately forward the queued packet from a network layer. If the node does not receive any data during the adaptive listening time, it will go into sleep mode until its next scheduled wake-up time. D. Cross Layer Interaction It is important to consider how to exploit the DPS algorithm for the energy efficiency of the overall network. We start this work by dividing the direction of traffic in multi-hop networks into two groups: the first is a down-link from a sink node to any sensor nodes (1 to N down-link), the second is an up-link from any sensor nodes to a sink (N to 1 up-link), as shown in Figure 7. We classify the typical applications in the sensor networks into three cases according to major traffic patterns, as shown in Table I, and summarize the strategy to efficiently use the DPS schemes for energy saving in each traffic pattern: Case 1: Down-link The wake-up schedules of each destination node in 1 to N down-link traffics would be different from each other before applying the DPS schemes. If the DPS by sender is used in this case, as a node is near the sink, its wake-up schedule may be more frequently changed according to the change of the destination node of each piece of down link traffic. However, if the DPS by receiver is applied in this case, it will shift the wake-up schedule of each node in the network to the wake-up schedule of the source node (sink node), as 1 to N down-link traffics proceed. Therefore, the DPS by receiver may be more energy-efficient than the DPS by sender for down-link traffic. Case 2: Up-link In this case, the DPS by sender may be more energyefficient than the DPS by receiver because case 2 is the reverse of case 1. Case 3: Successive down & up-link From above cases 1 and 2, we can deduce that the DPS TABLE I. Typical Application Fig. 7. Network topology and link direction NETWORK TRAFFIC PATTERN BASED ON APPLICATIONS Down-link Controlling end device TABLE II. Parameter Tx Power Path-loss model Energy model Unit Back-off slot time Contension window size Listening Duration Main Traffic Pattern Up-link Monitoring or Reporting SIMULATION PARAMETERS Successive Down & Up-link Query & Response Value & Description 0 db Two way (provided by Qualnet library) Mica-Z (provided by Qualnet library) 0.32 ms (based on IEEE Specs.) 8 (fixed) ms (default) by receiver may be more energy-efficient for downlink traffic and the DPS by sender may be energyefficient way for up-link traffic. Therefore, the appropriate DPS method should be dynamically selected according to the traffic direction (up or down link). To fulfill the above strategy, the dynamic phase shift algorithm (by sender or by receiver) should be dynamically applied according to the direction of traffic (up or down link). The MAC layer itself cannot know the direction; therefore, the network layer should inform the MAC layer of the direction of current traffic. This information may be delivered by adding the information field in the NWK header, as shown in Figure 5. In our implementation, we assigned a field in the NWK header to indicate the direction of traffic. IV. SIMULATION EVALUATION In our simulation evaluation, we compared the performance of DPS-MAC in terms of energy and latency on a string and a tree network. A. Simulation Configurations and Parameters Our protocol design and evaluation are performed in the Qualnet simulator 4.5 [11]. We implemented X-MAC, DPS- MAC, an ideal synchronous MAC, and network layer in the Qualnet simulator. IEEE PHY model and CBR application model provided by Qualnet library are used. Table II shows the parameters used in the simulation.
5 Fig. 8. String topology Fig. 12. Tree topology Fig. 9. Energy consumption in string topology (Source: node 1, destination: node 11, data arrival time: 2 sec) Fig. 13. Total energy comparison in tree topology (Sink: node 1, leaf node: node 7, 8, 9, and 10, data arrival time: 1.5 sec) (a) (b) Fig. 10. An example of timing captured by the simulator (a) DPS by receiver and (b) DPS by sender (Source: node 1, destination: node 4, data arrival time: 1.5 sec, and wake-up interval: 500 ms) Fig. 11. Average end-to-end latency in string topology (Source: node 1, destination: node 11, data arrival time: 2 sec) Fig. 14. Latency comparison in tree topology (Sink: node 1, leaf node: node 7, 8, 9, and 10, data arrival time: 1.5 sec) B. Energy and Delay Performance For performance comparisons of energy and delay, the proposed DPS-MAC is compared to the existing X-MAC protocol and to an ideal synchronous MAC. For independency of each node s wake-up schedule, the initial phase of wake-up schedule of each node is randomized in the tests of X-MAC and DPS-MAC. In case of the ideal synchronous MAC, we assume that each node is initially perfectly synchronized for a reference of performance comparison. Therefore, the ideal synchronous MAC does not require the procedure for synchronization because the initial phase of the wake-up schedule of each node is set to be same to all nodes in the simulation. Except for the synchronization protocol, the ideal synchronous MAC follows the collision avoidance protocol
6 and the latency reduction scheme, which were mentioned in the previous section. 1) Performance Test on String Network: The string topology is composed of eleven nodes that are located within 200 m of distance, as shown in Figure 8. In this experiment, the CBR traffic (data size = 50 bytes, # data transmission = 100 ea, and inter arrival time = 2 sec) is used from node 1 to node 11. The wake-up interval varies from 50 ms to 800 ms. From Figure 9, we verify that energy efficiency of the DPS scheme is more improved than it is in the asynchronous X- MAC due to the reduction of the short preamble duration. Energy efficiency of DPS by receiver is slightly better than that of DPS by sender. This is caused by the different synchronization processes between DPS by sender and DPS by receiver. That is, DPS by receiver moves the schedule of each node to the wake-up schedule of a source node; however, DPS by sender shifts wake-up schedule of each node to the wake-up schedule of a destination node. As a result, DPS by sender requires more transient duration than does DPS by receiver to reach the wake-up synchronization between all nodes. Figure 10 shows the dynamic phase shift and the reduction of the short preamble duration caused by the DPS algorithm, in which the blue x means the wake-up time and the red dot means the time when the short preamble packet is transmitted. In Figure 10, each node has an initially independent wake-up schedule, and the wake-up schedule is dynamically shifted by the DPS algorithm. Finally, the wakeup schedules are synchronized with each other. From Figure 10, we can realize that DPS by receiver requires about a 2 sec transient time (from s to s in (a) of Figure 10) for the wake-up synchronization between all four nodes. On the other hand, DPS by sender needs about 4 sec transient time (from s to s in (b) of Figure 10). Figure 11 shows the average end-to-end latency from node 1 to node 11. The DPS-MAC shows better performance than X-MAC. The latency of DPS by receiver is shorter than that of DPS by sender. This result also can be described by the different behavior of the two schemes in the transient period. 2) Performance Test on Tree Network: To evaluate the cross layer interaction of DPS-MAC, a tree topology is used, as shown in Figure 12. The distance between nodes is 200 m in the vertical direction and 400 m in the horizontal direction. In this test, the sink node transmits down-link data (size: 50 bytes) to leaf nodes 7, 8, 9 and 10 with a 1.5 sec inter-arrival time; each leaf node immediately responds to the sink node1 with up-link data (size: 50 bytes). This successive down and up-link traffic happens a total of ten times. The wake-up interval is fixed at 400 ms. Under these conditions, the total energy consumption of DPS-MAC in the tree neteotk can be reduced by 15.7 %, as shown in Figure 13, and the average round trip latency of DPS-MAC can be reduced by 25 ~ 50%, as indicated in Figure 14. In conclusion, we can verify that the proposed DPS-MAC is more energy-efficient than X-MAC, and shortens the average round trip latency compared to X- MAC. V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In this paper, a dynamic phase shift (DPS) scheme and a DPS-MAC protocol based on the DPS scheme have been proposed. The DPS scheme allows not only a receiver to dynamically shift its wake-up schedule to a sender s wake-up schedule, but also a sender to dynamically shift its wake-up schedule to a receiver s wake-up schedule in order to reduce energy waste due to the short preamble duration. In addition, the proposed DPS-MAC not only considers a collision avoidance scheme and a latency reduction technique, but also. to improve energy efficiency of overall network. dynamically applies the DPS algorithm (by sender or by receiver) according to the direction of data traffic. In conclusion, simulations have shown that the DPS-MAC achieves better energy efficiency and improved latency compared to a conventional asynchronous MAC protocol. We have only applied the DPS algorithm to a senderinitiated asynchronous MAC protocol. This novel DPS algorithm may be adopted by a receiver-initiated asynchronous MAC protocol. Also, we have assumed that propagation delay and processing delay related to data transmission from a sender to a receiver are negligible. The effect of the assumption should be thoroughly analyzed for further performance optimization. We expect to see more research results on these ideas in the future. REFERENCES [1] V. Bharghavan et al., MACAW: A media access protocol for wireless LAN s, ACM SIGCOMM, pp , [2] Tijs van Dam and Koen Langendoen, An Adaptive Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks, SenSys 03, pp , November [3] W. Ye, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, Medium access control with coordinated, adaptive sleeping sleep for wireless sensor networks, IEEE/ACM Transactions on networking, vol. 12, No. 3, pp , June [4] En-Yi A. Lin, Jan M. Rabaey, and Adam Wolisz, Power-Efficient Rendez-vous Schemes for Dense Wireless Sensor Networks, Proc. IEEE ICC, pp , June [5] J. Polastre, J.Hill, and D. Culler, Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks, SenSys 04, pp , November [6] A. El-Hoiydi and J. Decotignie, Low power downlink mac protocols for infrastructure wireless sensor networks, ACM Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 10, No. 5, pp , [7] Ilker Demirkol et al., MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a survey, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp , April 2006 [8] M. Buettner et al., X-MAC: a short preamble mac protocol for dutycycled wireless sensor networks, SenSys 06, pp , November [9] Tae Rim Park and Myung J. Lee, Power saving algorithms for wireless sensor networks on IEEE , IEEE Communications Magazine, pp , June 2008 [10] Yanjun Sun, Omer Gurewitz, and David B. Johnson, RI-MAC: A Receiver-Initiated Asynchronous Duty Cycle MAC Protocol for Dynamic Trafic Loads in Wireless Sensor Networks, SenSys 08, November [11] Scalable Network Technologies, Qualnet,
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