LAN Local Area Networks. CSMA/CD restriction. Bits on the Wire. PacketSize 2 * COMP476 Networked Computer Systems. Interconnecting
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1 Interconnecting s COMP476 ed Computer Systems LN Local rea s There is a Limit to the Maximum Length of a LN - Ethernet cables (segments) can be up to 500m. - The restrictions are due to power and propagation delay. - The speed of light or electricity is not infinite. Example: Ethernet and Token Ring its on the Wire 100 Mbit/sec Ethernet sends a bit every 10 nsec. Traveling at 2.0x10 m/s, a bit occupies 2.0m of the wire. If two computers were located 16m apart, there would be bits traveling between them. The first bit would arrive at the receiver just as the sender sent the th bit. CSM/CD restriction The time to transmit a frame must be greater than twice the time for the frame to travel to the end of the cable. If the cable is too long, collisions might go undetected. min PacketSize 2 * length > transrate 2.0 *10 1
2 Max Ethernet Cable Length Consider a 100 Mbps Ethernet with 72 byte frame. min length = min PacketSize *10 transrate 72bt bytes * bits / bt byte *10 m / sec length = = 576m 10 bits / sec Methods of Interconnecting s pplication Presentation Session Data Link Router Router Repeater Repeaters Repeaters operate at the Layer. Copies individual bits between cable segments. Every bit is copied to all segments, including collisions. Functions as an amplifier. Invisible to computers. Ethernet can be extended to 1500m with no more than 4 repeaters between hosts. Hubs Logically, a hub is a very short cable with long connecting wires its flow in one wire and out all others Hubs are usually less expensive than switches 2
3 On what OSI layer does a hub operate? MC Data Link pplication 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% MC Data Link pplication s s operate at the Data Link Layer. Store and forward frames between LNs. id s receive a packet and dthen transmit it on the other side. Retransmitting the packet introduces a delay. Invisible to computers on the network. Each segment is shielded from local traffic on the other segments (reduces collisions). More on s s only forward frames that need to go to the other side (Frame Filtering) i roadcasts always go through a bridge s learn the location of hosts Long Distance ridging s (designed for this purpose) can be connected by a point to point connection (fiber optic line, leased phone line or satellite). 3
4 Learning s Learning s do not need to be configured. They can be used straight from the box. s automatically learn which side of the bridge a computer is located. s look at all source addresses to determine where a computer is located. Upper nodes: Lower nodes: If the bridge does know that the destination is on the same side as the source, it will forward the frame. sends a frame to sends a frame to The bridge forwards the frame to the lower segment because it does not know the location of Upper nodes: Lower nodes: The bridge does not forward the frame because it knows is on the upper segment. Upper nodes:, Lower nodes: 4
5 sends a frame to sends a frame to The bridge forwards the frame to the lower segment because it does not know the location of Upper nodes:, Lower nodes: The bridge forwards the frame to the upper segment because it knows the location of Upper nodes:, Lower nodes: The bridge does not forward the frame to the upper segment because it knows the location of sends a frame to Upper nodes:, Lower nodes:, Cycles of s Cycles of bridges have to be avoided. packet could circulate forever. Sometimes it is advantageous to have extra bridges for robustness and performance. When a starts, it communicates with other bridges to learn the configuration. s form a Distributed Spanning Tree to determine how frames will be forwarded. 5
6 Cycle Switches 1 2 n Ethernet switch is very similar to a bid bridge switch usually has several ports Layer 2 Switches On what OSI layer does a switch operate? MC Data Link pplication 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% MC Data Link pplication 2009 Pearson Education Inc. 6
7 Routers Routers operate at the Layer. Can store and forward frames between dissimilar networks May perform protocol conversion. router is located at any gateway (where one network meets another). The name Router and Gateway are sometimes used synonymously. PCs as Routers computer with two or more network interfaces can function as a router Microsoft Windows Server and Linux Server have options to function as a router Hardware routers can be used for high performance Routers are used throughout the Internet Visibility router is visible to the network ll nodes in a network need to know the IP address of their local router Packets must be sent to the router Repeaters and bridges are invisible Nodes do not know they are on the network Packets are never addresses to a bridge On what OSI layer does a router operate? MC Data Link pplication 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% MC Data Link pplication 7
8 Methods of Interconnecting s pplication Presentation Session Data Link Router Router Repeater How long does it take to send 100 bytes over a 100 Mb/s Ethernet to another node when there e is a repeater between the nodes? 1..0 nsec nsec nsec nsec 25% 25% 25% 25%.0 nsec 10.1 nsec 16.0 nsec 20.2 nsec How long does it take to send 100 bytes over a 100 Mb/s Ethernet to another node when there e is a bridge between the nodes? 1..0 nsec nsec nsec nsec 25% 25% 25% 25%.0 nsec 10.1 nsec 16.0 nsec 20.2 nsec
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