EmberNet Overview January C o m p a n y C o n f i d e n t i a l

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1 EmberNet Overview January 2003

2 Copyright 2002 by Ember Corporation All rights reserved The information in this document is subject to change without notice. The statements, configurations, technical data, and recommendations in this document are believed to be accurate and reliable, but are presented without express or implied warranty. Users must take full responsibility for their applications of any products specified in this document. The information in this document is the property of Ember Corporation. EmberNet and Ember are a trademarks of Ember Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.

3 Contents Preface About This Guide v Associated EmberNet Documentation Getting Help vi v CHAPTER 1 Introduction to EmberNet What Is EmberNet? 1-2 Why Use EmberNet? 1-3 CHAPTER 2 How EmberNet Works EmberNet Architecture 2-2 Embedded Network Infrastructure 2-2 Comparison to Star Topology 2-4 Mesh Networking 2-6 What an EmberNet Network Does 2-6 Example of Mesh Networking 2-8 EmberNet Overview iii

4 Contents CHAPTER 3 EmberNet Hardware and Software Description EmberNet Node 3-2 EmberNet Serial Node 3-3 EmberNet Gateway 3-4 EmberNet View 3-5 Development Kit Models 3-8 EmberNet Development Kit Tools 3-9 APPENDIX A Technical Specifications EmberNet Node Specifications A-2 EmberNet Serial Node Specifications A-4 EmberNet Gateway Specifications A-5 Index iv EmberNet Overview

5 Preface About This Guide This guide introduces you to the EmberNet product line for original equipment manufacturers. Associated EmberNet Documentation EmberNet Developer Kit User s Guide EmberNet Application Development Guide EmberNet View User s Guide EmberNet Node Technical Specification EmberNet Gateway Technical Specification EmberNet Overview v

6 Preface Getting Help Documentation, customer service, and support are available at support.ember.com or by contacting your account representative at Ember. vi EmberNet Overview

7 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to EmberNet In This Chapter About This Chapter This chapter defines EmberNet and describes its benefits and features. Topics This chapter covers the following topics: For this topic... See page... What Is EmberNet? 1-2 Why Use EmberNet? 1-3 EmberNet Overview

8 Introduction to EmberNet What Is EmberNet? A System Platform EmberNet is a platform for wireless embedded networks. It allows original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to produce intelligent systems of interactive sensing and control devices for a variety of automated applications, including building, industrial, and defense environments. A Product Development Suite EmberNet is a toolkit for developing custom applications of Ember Enabled devices. It includes a complete set of equipment for product programming, debugging, and integration. Ember provides all the hardware, software, training, and support services that application developers and system integrators need to ensure successful deployment of its patented technology. A Technological Innovation EmberNet is embedded networking, the underlying technology for connectivity between Ember Enabled devices. It is a model of networking designed to interconnect embedded microcontrollers using radio frequency (RF) communications based on IEEE standard and Ember s proprietary networking protocols. With EmberNet, the networking system resides directly on each microcontroller itself, inside each device of the network. It is a system that takes up only a small portion of the circuitry and uses only low levels of resources for power and computation. Each wireless device is preprogrammed to self-configure and communicate on demand in the network, creating an instant infrastructure that requires no preplanning, fixed placement, or maintenance. This combination of features in the EmberNet design leaves room for each custom device to perform its application tasks, and frees you to focus on developing applications dedicated to solving problems for your customers EmberNet Overview

9 Why Use EmberNet? Why Use EmberNet? The embedded wireless technology behind EmberNet makes it a cost-effective and practical platform to use for creating scalable data networks that are also flexible. As a tool, EmberNet is a quick and simple way to connect multiple components in a network. Table 1-1 lists and describes the distinguishing characteristics. Table 1-1: EmberNet Features EmberNet is... Because... Easy to use The programming interface for host applications uses a simplified set of commands that is common across all EmberNet components. Ember Enabled devices are easy to set up. You just place them where you want them in the application environment. Low cost Wireless networking eliminates expensive wiring and personnel costs. Its peer-to-peer mesh architecture eliminates the need for a centralized access point or base station, reducing your capital investment. Reliable If one device goes down, its neighbor takes over. This occurrence is transparent, with no data lost. You can move devices to different locations or remove them altogether without disrupting network operations. Adaptable You can extend the network by adding more Ember Enabled devices, at will. It works in environments where TCP/IP and Ethernet networks are the tradition. Existing wired devices can become part of the wireless network. EmberNet Overview

10 Introduction to EmberNet EmberNet Overview

11 CHAPTER 2 How EmberNet Works In This Chapter About This Chapter This chapter describes the parts of Ember s wireless networking architecture and what they do to form an EmberNet network. Topics This chapter covers the following topics: For this topic... See page... EmberNet Architecture 2-2 Mesh Networking 2-6 EmberNet Overview

12 How EmberNet Works EmberNet Architecture Embedded Network Infrastructure An EmberNet network can contain from just a few to hundreds, thousands, or tens of thousands of nodes. Each node in the network is fully equipped for wireless communications to form an instant infrastructure. With the networking mechanisms embedded into the nodes themselves, network management is transparent. You simply place the nodes in your application environment, where they need to be to perform their tasks in the system. Where you don t have enough coverage for connectivity between nodes, you place a repeater to bridge the gap. When you want to extend the network, all you have to do is add more nodes. Every node in the EmberNet network automatically recognizes its nearby neighbor nodes, connecting to form a complete communication path. This peer-to-peer architecture establishes a self-organizing, decentralized network in the shape of a mesh. Figure 2-1 illustrates the mesh-like structure of the EmberNet network. Table 2-1 defines the elements that represent the nodes in the network. EmberNet Node Ember Enabled Device EmberNet Gateway EmberNet Serial Node Workstation Wireless connection LAN Figure 2-1: EmberNet Network Structure EmberNet Overview

13 EmberNet Architecture Table 2-1: EmberNet Elements Item Element Description Ember Enabled Device Your custom device a sensor or control mechanism and an embedded EmberNet Node, running the EmberNet protocol stack and your application code. Functions in the network with or without repeaters, serial nodes, and gateways. EmberNet Node Repeater Your equipment carrying the EmberNet Node alone for use as a repeater. Extends the network s communication range and improves the reliability of its connectivity. Interoperates with all types of EmberNet elements. EmberNet Gateway Serves as a conduit between the wireless network and the TCP/IP Ethernet network. Provides remote monitoring and control services for all EmberNet elements. Multiple gateways allow you to: Make application or network data more broadly available outside the network. Logically connect physically separate networks. Ember Enabled devices, repeaters, and serial nodes can use any EmberNet Gateway available in the network. EmberNet Serial Node Links a serial device, such as a PC for collecting application data, to the wireless network. Also replaces serial connections between devices, such as sensors and actuators in industrial applications, with a wireless link. Interoperates with all types of EmberNet elements. EmberNet Overview

14 How EmberNet Works Comparison to Star Topology Traditional wireless systems follow the IEEE standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs). These wireless systems implement a star network topology, which presents technological limitations that make them vulnerable to physical obstructions, radio interference, single points of failure, and bottlenecks. Ember s implementation of mesh networking instead adopts the IEEE standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs). In accordance with this standard, EmberNet networks have a low bit rate, low power consumption, and low complexity. Devices in this type of network can interoperate over short distances in an unlicensed frequency band. With these attributes, the EmberNet mesh overcomes the limitations of the star network. Figure 2-2 shows the differing structures of the mesh and star topologies. Table 2-2 outlines some characteristics that make mesh networking more robust, reliable, and secure. Mesh Network Structure Star Network Structure Figure 2-2: Mesh Topology Versus Star Topology EmberNet Overview

15 EmberNet Architecture Table 2-2: Advantages of Mesh Networking The EmberNet mesh has... Flexible topology You can add, move, or remove nodes at any point in the network. Decentralized control Every node can communicate with every other node in the network. If a node fails, data routes around it, and the network stays intact. Redundant, short paths Traffic can flow over separate areas of the network, in parallel, and nodes can distribute application tasks. Reduced path length strengthens connectivity between nodes. A standard star network has... Fixed topology All nodes are fixed to a central access point or base station. Centralized control Nodes must pass data through the central station to communicate. If the central station fails, the whole network fails. Single, long paths Each node has a dedicated path to the central station. Extended paths weaken connectivity. If a link fails, communication with the node is lost. Push technology support Messages can be broadcast over the network when necessary, or unicast to a select node for efficient data flow. Efficient routing Each node serves as a router in the network, storing only as much information as needed to move messages quickly from source to destination. Pull technology reliance Nodes must request data through the central station and wait for a response, which can slow the flow of data in the network. Costly routing The central station routes all traffic, and must maintain extensive routing information about each node to move a message to its target. EmberNet Overview

16 How EmberNet Works Mesh Networking What an EmberNet Network Does Mesh networking supports the following key operating characteristics of an EmberNet network: Automatic Discovery. Ember s patented networking algorithms and application layer interfaces enable nodes to discover each other without complex setup and configuration. The EmberNet host API allows for a messaging process in which nodes announce and request application services to learn about their location in the EmberNet mesh network. Self-Organizing. Each node directly communicates with its immediate neighbors. Out-of-range nodes communicate to each other by relaying messages through intermediate nodes. All nodes cooperatively relay messages on behalf of their neighbors, forming complete communication paths. Dynamic Routing. A node in an EmberNet network does not single out a specific neighboring node to relay its message. Instead, it advertises its cost for delivering a message to a destination, and only nodes that can deliver at a lower cost, participate in relaying the message. This way, the message descends a loop-free gradient from the originator to the destination (Figure 2-3). Self-Healing. Multiple neighbor nodes have the capability to relay the messages. Ember s routing adapts well and maintains connectivity in frequently changing network topologies because it allows redundant paths. When each message reaches a number of nodes, a single link failure will not cause a break in the communication path, as long as another neighbor node relays the message. In an EmberNet network, a packet is transmitted at the source node and travels downward toward the destination node, collecting and recording information from each node in its path, ending up taking the most efficient path (Figure 2-4). To learn how to design your EmberNet application to make the best use of mesh networking, see the EmberNet Application Development Guide EmberNet Overview

17 Mesh Networking Cost Gradient Source Nodes Destination Figure 2-3: EmberNet Cost Gradient Cost Efficient Path Redundant Messages Source Destination Figure 2-4: Finding the Most Cost-Efficient Path EmberNet Overview

18 How EmberNet Works Example of Mesh Networking In a factory setting using Ember Enabled devices, the EmberNet protocols treat the radio network like a mesh. Each device recognizes nearby nodes, talks to them, and passes data along. Each node acts like a router. It figures out how to cost-effectively transmit data in the right direction. In Figure 2-5, observe the start node and the destination node. Data cannot be transmitted through a cement wall. Instead, it takes a route around the concrete wall, thereby still able to reach its destination. PC LAN (Ethernet) EmberNet Gateway Start node Concrete wall Destination node Wireless connection Unsuccessful tries (cannot penetrate concrete wall) Successful tries (travels around concrete wall to reach destination) Figure 2-5: Ember Enabled Devices Routing Around a Barrier EmberNet Overview

19 CHAPTER 3 EmberNet Hardware and Software Description In This Chapter About This Chapter This chapter describes the hardware and software components that allow you to build an EmberNet network. Topics This chapter covers the following topics: For this topic... See page... EmberNet Node 3-2 EmberNet Serial Node 3-3 EmberNet Gateway 3-4 EmberNet View 3-5 Development Kit Models 3-8 EmberNet Overview

20 EmberNet Hardware and Software Description EmberNet Node The EmberNet Node (Figure 3-1) is the primary building block for all elements in the EmberNet network. It is a small, wireless communications board designed to be embedded into a variety of OEM devices, or used as a repeater in the network. This peripheral module has a 2.2 inch by 1.5 inch footprint and uses common interconnects to accommodate integration with your customized carrier boards. The EmberNet Node has an embedded network processor and a high-speed serial peripheral interface (SPI) for use with an external host processor. It uses a directsequence, spread-spectrum radio with 12 independent channels in the 900MHz band and multiple power modes. The module accepts an antenna in a screw-on form (low profile, medium height, or full height), or directly attached with a ground. For security, the EmberNet Node supports hardware-based encryption using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). For detailed specifications, see page A-2. The EmberNet Node attaches to Ember s breakout board for application development. It is also a component of the EmberNet Serial Node (page 3-3) and the EmberNet Gateway (page 3-4). Figure 3-1: EmberNet Node (with Low-Profile Antenna) EmberNet Overview

21 EmberNet Serial Node EmberNet Serial Node The EmberNet Serial Node (Figure 3-2) is a prepackaged EmberNet Node (page 3-2) with a serial connector. It allows you to add wireless communications capability to existing equipment with serial interfaces. The EmberNet Serial Node comes standard with the most widely used industrial protocol, Modbus RTU, and supports other protocols with custom development or additional licensing. It interoperates with all Ember Enabled devices, repeaters, and the EmberNet Gateway. The compact enclosure contains the communications module premounted on a carrier board with a serial connector. It is available in two models: RS-232 and RS-485. The device includes a power supply adapter for connecting to a wall outlet, and a 900MHz, 1/4-wave, medium-height (3.46-inch) antenna. For detailed specifications, see page A-4. Figure 3-2: EmberNet Serial Node EmberNet Overview

22 EmberNet Hardware and Software Description EmberNet Gateway The EmberNet Gateway (Figure 3-3) interconnects the wireless EmberNet network and any TCP/IP Ethernet network, and provides user access to information about the network s status and parameters through EmberNet View (page 3-5). It is a compact, factory-assembled device that contains the following components: An EmberNet Node (page 3-2) for communication within the wireless network An Ethernet port for a direct connection to a local or wide area network (LAN or WAN) A serial port for connecting a PC, workstation, or other serial device A Linux-based, single-board computer (SBC) that runs Web, host API, and network monitoring services The EmberNet Gateway includes a power supply adapter for connecting to a wall outlet, and a 900MHz, 1/4-wave, medium-height (3.46-inch) antenna. For detailed specifications, see page A-5. Figure 3-3: EmberNet Gateway EmberNet Overview

23 EmberNet View EmberNet View EmberNet View is a web-based application that runs on the EmberNet Gateway (page 3-4). With a standard Web browser, users can access the application remotely from their PC or workstation to monitor and configure all the nodes running in an EmberNet network. EmberNet View allows users to: Ping, reboot, and observe a status overview of all nodes (Figure 3-4). Check the status of a specific node, review its error log, and edit its network parameters (Figure 3-5). Display a map of nodes that shows their location and connectivy in real time (Figure 3-6). Application developers can customize EmberNet View with a layout of the customer s floorplan for the network map, and can use the application as a tool to debug their Ember Enabled devices. For more information, see the EmberNet View User s Guide. Figure 3-4: EmberNet View Status Window EmberNet Overview

24 EmberNet Hardware and Software Description Figure 3-5: EmberNet View Node Detail Window EmberNet Overview

25 EmberNet View Figure 3-6: EmberNet View Network Map EmberNet Overview

26 EmberNet Hardware and Software Description Development Kit Models The EmberNet Developer Kit comes in several models that are outlined in the table below: Table 3-1: EmberNet Developer Kits Standard Advanced Premium Hardware Software and Documentation Training and Support Optional Upgrades for additional fee 8 - EmberNet Nodes 8 - EmberNet Breakout Boards 1 - EmberNet Gateway 1 - USB Programmer 1-6ft. Ethernet patch cable 9-9V power supplies 1 - EmberNet Developer Kit CD 1 - AVR-GCC 3.2.C Compiler (Win 32) 1 - EmberNet Node Binary 1 - EmberNet Host API Specifications & Libraries 1 - Sample Application 1 - EmberNet View EmberNet Documentation 12 - EmberNet Nodes 12 - EmberNet Breakout Boards 12 - EmberNet/Ethernet connection boards 1 - EmberNet Gateway 1 - USB Programmer 1-6ft. Ethernet patch cable 13-9V power supplies 1 - EmberNet Developer Kit CD 1 - AVR-GCC 3.2.C Compiler (Win 32) 1 - EmberNet Node Binary 1 - EmberNet Host API Specifications & Libraries 1 - Sample Application 1 - EmberNet View 1 - EmberNet Simulator v1.0 (Linux) 1 - EmberNet Node Binary for EmberNet Simulator 1 - EmberNet/Ethernet Debug Application EmberNet Documentation 1 year - Web based support only Annual Support 1 - Training Seat Telephone, and web support Discounted first seat training Per incident support: $750 per three incidents First three incidents free upon completion of training EmberNet Debug Kit includes: 8 - EmberNet/Ethernet Connection Boards 1 - EmberNet Simulator 1 - EmberNet/Ethernet Debug application Additional training seats Annual support Custom engineering Additional Training seats Custom Engineering 12 - EmberNet Nodes 12 - EmberNet Breakout Boards 12 - EmberNet/Ethernet connection boards 1 - EmberNet Gateway 1 - USB Programmer 1-6ft. Ethernet patch cable 13-9V power supplies 1 - EmberNet Developer Kit CD 1 - AVR-GCC 3.2.C Compiler (Win 32) 1 - EmberNet Node Binary 1 - EmberNet Host API Specifications & Libraries 1 - Sample Application 1 - EmberNet View 1 - EmberNet Simulator v1.0 (Linux) 1 - EmberNet Node Binary for EmberNet Simulator 1 - EmberNet/Ethernet Debug Application EmberNet Documentation Premium Support 3 days - custom engineering(*t&e excluded) 2 days (up to 5 students) - Onsite training (*T&E excluded) Telephone, and web support. Additional Training seats Additional Custom Engineering * Travel and Entertainments EmberNet Overview

27 EmberNet Development Kit Tools EmberNet Development Kit Tools The EmberNet Development Kit is a collection of tools for the OEM application developer. The kit contains the following tools for building your own wireless network of Ember Enabled devices: EmberNet Nodes for developing a complete network of Ember Enabled devices EmberNet breakout board for each EmberNet Node under development with Rabbit Core Module boards for Ethernet debugging EmberNet Node binary files for running the EmberNet Protocol Stack Host application programming interface (API) for creating your custom application code GCC compiler for compiling the application code USB programmer for downloading your code to the host processor EmberNet Debug Logging Utility for testing EmberNet nodes in a network environment (not included in Standard Development Kit) EmberNet Gateway and EmberNet View for monitoring connectivity in the test network Sample applications for viewing source code examples of EmberNet applications Documentation for guidelines on developing EmberNet applications Developers using the Advanced and Premium EmberNet Development Kit also have access to extensive training and technical support at Ember (support.ember.com). Additional components, including the EmberNet Serial Node (page 3-3), are available on separate order. Contact your Ember account representative. The kit supports but does not include an alternative compiler, the IAR Systems Embedded Workbench. For more information about the kit contents and how to use them, refer to the EmberNet Developer Kit User s Guide. EmberNet Overview

28 EmberNet Hardware and Software Description EmberNet Overview

29 APPENDIX A Technical Specifications In This Appendix About This Appendix This chapter lists the technical specifications for the main elements of the EmberNet network. Topics This chapter covers the following topics: For this topic... See page... EmberNet Node Specifications A-2 EmberNet Serial Node Specifications A-4 EmberNet Gateway Specifications A-5 EmberNet Overview A-1

30 Technical Specifications EmberNet Node Specifications Feature Dimensions Operating Environment Power Requirements Microprocessor Interface Protocol Interface Connections I/O Connections Radio Frequency Channels Channel Bit Rate Transmit Power Receive Sensitivity Range Antennas Error detection Specifications 1.5 x 2.2" x 0.3 (connectors exclusive) or 0.45 (connectors inclusive) -30 C through +80 C 3.5 to 5.0VDC EmberNet 8-bit RISC processor EmberNet SPI (SPI and interrupt pin) 32-pin and 24-pin, 2mm, off-center pin headers RF: Reverse polar SMA connector SPI: 2Mbps master/slave connection (EmberNet SPI) Direct sequence, spread spectrum MHz ISM band MHz wide channels 192Kbps Adjustable: 0, +7, +14, +20dBm -95dBm In open air, at full power, 1000ft line of sight with 1/4-wave antenna (extensible by EmberNet Node repeaters) 1/4 wave, plastic whip RP-SMA 3.46 or direct attach with ground. The antenna must be installed in a vertical orientation. CRC: CCITT16 and AES 128 CBC A-2 EmberNet Overview

31 EmberNet Node Specifications Feature Security Certification Warranty Specifications Hardware-based Advanced Encryption Standard (AES 128-bit CCM) FCC Part 15 Modular Certified 90-day, limited warranty EmberNet Overview A-3

32 Technical Specifications EmberNet Serial Node Specifications Feature Dimensions Operating Environment Power Supply Host Microprocessor Protocols I/O Connection Radio Frequency Channels Channel Bit Rate Range Antenna Security Certification Warranty Specifications 2.6 x 4.25 x 1.12 (without SMA connector) 2.6 x 5.00 x 1.12 (with SMA connector) -30 C through +80 C 9VDC Atmel AVR (ATMega128L) Modbus Serial RTU (standard) Other protocols available by custom development or additional licensing RS-232 or RS-485 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum MHz ISM band Twelve channels, 2.048MHz wide 192Kbps Effective throughput between two nodes in a single hop network as high as 50Kbps In open air, at full power, 1000ft line of sight with 1/4-wave antenna (extensible by EmberNet Node repeaters) 1/4 wave, plastic whip RP-SMA 3.46 or direct attach with ground. The antenna must be installed in a vertical orientation. Hardware-based Advanced Encryption Standard (AES 128-bit CCM) FCC Part 15 Certified 90-day, limited warranty A-4 EmberNet Overview

33 EmberNet Gateway Specifications EmberNet Gateway Specifications Feature Specifications Dimensions 6.3 x 5.1 x 2 Operating environment Power Processor Operating System Memory Serial Port Ethernet Port Indicators Software Range Antenna Security Certification Warranty -30 C through +80 C 9VDC, 800mA StrongARM 1110, 192MHz Intrynsyc Linux Distribution 16MB Flash, 32MB SDRAM, diskless DB9 connector 10BaseT LEDs: Power, Ethernet, EmberNet, Application, Alarm EmberNet Protocol Stack, EmberNet View, Apache HTTP Server In open air, at full power, 1000ft line of sight with 1/4-wave antenna (extensible by EmberNet Node repeaters) 1/4 wave, plastic whip RP-SMA 3.46 or direct attach with ground. The antenna must be installed in a vertical orientation. Hardware-based Advanced Encryption Standard (AES 128-bit CCM) FCC Part 15 Certified 90-day, limited warranty EmberNet Overview A-5

34 Technical Specifications A-6 EmberNet Overview

35 Index A advantages of EmberNet 2-5 architecture of EmberNet 2-2 C components of EmberNet 2-3 cost gradient 2-7 D discovery 2-6 documentation, related -v E EmberNet Developer Kit 3-8 EmberNet Gateway description 3-4 function 2-3 specifications A-5 EmberNet Node description 3-2 function 2-3 specifications A-2 EmberNet Serial Node description 3-3 function 2-3 specifications A-4 EmberNet View 3-5 example, mesh networking 2-8 EmberNet Overview IX-1

36 Index F features of EmberNet 1-3, 2-5 G gradient, cost 2-7 H hardware, EmberNet I IEEE IEEE , 2-4 M map of EmberNet nodes 3-7 mesh networking N network architecture comparison to star networks 2-4 components 2-3 structure 2-2 node details 3-6 node map 3-7 node status 3-5 P parameters of EmberNet nodes 3-6 product description 1-2 R related documentation -v repeater 2-3, 3-2 routing 2-6, 2-8 S software, EmberNet 3-5 specifications EmberNet Gateway A-5 EmberNet Node A-2 EmberNet Serial Node A-4 status of EmberNet nodes 3-5 structure, EmberNet 2-2 support, technical -vi T technical support -vi topology comparison to star 2-4 EmberNet 2-2 IX-2 EmberNet Overview

37

38 EmberNet Overview January Congress Street, Boston, MA

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