ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Cabling Standard
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1 73 ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Cabling Standard In the mid-1980s, consumers, contractors, vendors, and manufacturers became concerned about the lack of specifications relating to telecommunications cabling. Before then, all communications cabling was proprietary and often suited only to a single-purpose use. The Computer Communications Industry Association (CCIA) asked the EIA to develop a specification that would encourage structured, standardized cabling. Under the guidance of the TIA TR-41 committee and associated subcommittees, the TIA and EIA in 1991 published the first version of the Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard, better known as ANSI/TIA/EIA-568 or sometimes simply as TIA/EIA-568. NOTE The Canadian equivalent of TIA/EIA-568-B is CSA T529.
2 75 ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Purpose and Scope The ANSI/TIA/EIA-568 Standard was developed and has evolved into its current form for several reasons: To establish a cabling specification that would support more than a single vendor application To provide direction of the design of telecommunications equipment and cabling products that are intended to serve commercial organizations To specify a cabling system generic enough to support both voice and data To establish technical and performance guidelines and provide guidelines for the planning and installation of structured cabling systems The Standard addresses the following: Subsystems of structured cabling Minimum requirements for telecommunications cabling Installation methods and practices Connector and pin assignments The life span of a telecommunications cabling system (which should exceed 10 years) Media types and performance specifications for horizontal and backbone cabling Connecting hardware performance specifications Recommended topology and distances
3 76 Chapter 2 Cabling Specifications and Standards The definitions of cabling elements (horizontal cable, cross-connects, telecommunication outlets, etc.) The current configuration of ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B subdivides the standard as follows: ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1: General Requirements ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1: Addendum 1 Transmission Performance Specifications for 4-pair 100-Ohm Category 6 Cabling ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.3: Optical Fiber Cabling Components In this chapter, we ll discuss the Standard as a whole, without focusing too much on specific sections. WARNING Welcome to the Nomenclature Twilight Zone. The ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Standard contains two wiring patterns for use with UTP jacks and plugs. They indicate the order in which the wire conductors should be connected to the pins in modular jacks and plugs and are known as T568A and T568B. Do not confuse these with the documents TIA/EIA-568-B and the previous version, TIA/EIA-568-A. The wiring schemes are both covered in TIA/EIA-568 To learn more about the wiring patterns, see Chapter 9. Subsystems of a Structured Cabling System The ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Standard breaks structured cabling into seven areas. They are the horizontal cabling, backbone cabling, the work area, telecommunications rooms, equipment rooms, entrance facility (building entrance), and Administration.
4 77 Horizontal Cabling Horizontal cabling, as specified by ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B, is the cabling that extends from telecommunications rooms to the work area and terminates in telecommunications outlets (information outlets or wall plates). Horizontal cabling includes the following: Cable from the patch panel to the work area Telecommunications outlets Cable terminations Cross-connections (where permitted) A maximum of one transition point Figure 2.2 shows a typical horizontal-cabling infrastructure spanning out in a star topology from a telecommunications room. The star topology is required. FIGURE 2.2 Horizontal cabling in a star topology from the telecommunications room Telecommunications closet Horizontal cabling Telecommunications outlets Backbone cabling to equipment room Patch panels and LAN equipment Transition point (such as for modular furniture)
5 78 Chapter 2 Cabling Specifications and Standards Application-specific components (baluns, repeaters) should not be installed as part of the horizontal-cabling system (inside the walls). These should be installed in the telecommunication rooms or work areas. Transition Point ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B allows for one transition point in horizontal cabling. The transition point is where one type of cable connects to another, such as where round cable connects to under-carpet cable. A transition point can also be a point where cabling is distributed out to modular furniture. Two types of transition points are recognized: MUTOA This acronym stands for multiuser telecommunications outlet assembly, which is an outlet that consolidates telecommunications jacks for many users into one area. Think of it as a patch panel located out in the office area instead of in a telecommunications room. CP CP stands for consolidation point, which is an intermediate interconnection scheme that allows horizontal cables that are part of the building pathways to extend to telecommunication outlets in open-office pathways such as those in modular furniture. The ISO/IEC refers to the CP as a transition point (TP). If you plan to use modular furniture or movable partitions, check with the vendor of the furniture or partitions to see if it provides data-cabling pathways within its furniture. Then ask what type of interface it may provide or require for your existing cabling system. You will have to plan for connectivity to the furniture in your wiring scheme. Cabling vendor The Siemon Company and modular-furniture manufacturer DRG have teamed up to build innovative modular furniture with built-in cable management compliant with TSB-75 and the TIA/EIA-568 specifications. The furniture system is called MACsys; you can find more information about the MACsys family of products on the Web at Is There a Minimum Distance for UTP Horizontal Cable? The ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B does not specify a minimum length for UTP cabling, except when using a multiuser telecommunications outlet assembly (MUTOA). A short-link phenomenon occurs in cabling links usually less than 20 meters (60 feet) long that usually support 100Base-TX applications. The first 20 to 30 meters of a cable is where near-end crosstalk (NEXT) has the most effect. In higher-speed networks such as 100Base-TX, short cables may cause the signal generated by crosstalk or return loss reflections to be returned back to the transmitter. The transmitter may interpret these returns as collisions and cause the network not to function correctly at high speeds. To correct this problem, try extending problematic cable runs with extra-long patch cords.
6 79 Recognized Media ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B recognizes two types of media (cables) that can be used as horizontal cabling. More than one media type may be run to a single work-area telecommunications outlet; for example, a UTP cable can be used for voice, and a fiber-optic cable can be used for data. The maximum distance for horizontal cable from the telecommunications room to the telecommunications outlet is 90 meters (295 feet) regardless of the cable media used. Horizontal cables recognized by the ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Standard are limited to the following: Four-pair, 100-ohm, 24 AWG, solid-conductor twisted-pair (UTP or ScTP) cable Two-fiber, 62.5/125-micron or 50/125-micron optical fiber Work: Maximum Horizontal Cabling Distance If you ask someone what the maximum distance of cable is between a network hub (such as 10Base-T) and the computer, you are likely to hear 100 meters. But many people ignore the fact that patch cords are required and assume the distance is from the patch panel to the telecommunication outlet (wall plate). Such is not the case. The ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Standard states that the maximum distance between the telecommunications outlet and the patch panel is 90 meters. The Standard further allows for a patch cord in the workstation area that is up to 5 meters in length and a patch cord in the telecommunications room that is up to 5 meters in length. (If you did the math, you figured out that the actual maximum length is 99 meters, but what s one meter between friends?) The total distance is the maximum distance for a structured cabling system, based on ANSI/TIA/EIA- 568-B, regardless of the media type (twisted-pair copper or optical fiber). The 100-meter maximum distance is not a random number; it was chosen for a number of reasons, including the following: The number defines transmissions distances for communications-equipment designers. This distance limitation assures them that they can base their equipment designs on the maximum distance of 100 meters between the terminal and the hub in the closet. It provides building architects a specification that states they should place telecommunications rooms so that no telecommunications outlet will be farther than 90 meters from the nearest wall outlet (that s in cable distance, which is not necessarily a straight line). The maximum ensures that common technologies (such as 10Base-T Ethernet) will be able to achieve reasonable signal quality and maintain data integrity. Much of the reasoning for the maximum was based on the timing required for a 10Base-T Ethernet workstation to transmit a minimum packet (64 bytes) to the farthest station on an Ethernet segment. The propagation of that signal through the cable had to be taken into account. Continued on next page
7 80 Chapter 2 Cabling Specifications and Standards Can a structured cabling system exceed the 100-meter distance? Sure. Good-quality Category 5, 5e, or 6 cable will allow 10Base-T Ethernet to be transmitted farther than Category 3. When using 10Base-FL (10Mbps Ethernet over fiber-optic cable), multimode optical-fiber cable has a maximum distance of 2,000 meters; so a structured cabling system that will support exclusively 10Base-FL applications could have much longer horizontal cabling runs. But (you knew there was a but, didn t you?) your cabling infrastructure will no longer be based on a Standard. It will support the application it was designed to support, but it may not support others. Further, for unshielded twisted-pair cabling, the combined effects of attenuation, crosstalk, and other noise elements increase as the length of the cable increases. Although attenuation and crosstalk do not drastically worsen immediately above the 100-meter mark, the signalto-noise ratio (SNR) begins to approach zero. When the SNR equals zero, the signal is indistinguishable from the noise in the cabling. (That s analogous to a screen full of snow on a TV.) Then your cabling system will exceed the limits that your application hardware was designed to expect. Your results will be inconsistent, if the system works at all. The moral of this story is not to exceed the specifications for a structured cabling system and still expect the system to meet the needs of specifications-based applications. Telecommunications Outlets ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B specifies that each work area shall have a minimum of two information-outlet ports. Typically, one is used for voice and another for data. Figure 2.3 shows a possible telecommunications outlet configuration. The outlets go by a number of names, including information outlets, wall jacks, and wall plates. However, an information outlet is officially considered to be one jack on a telecommunications outlet; the telecommunications outlet is considered to be part of the horizontalcabling system. Chapters 9 and 10 have additional information on telecommunications outlets. The information outlets wired for UTP should follow one of two conventions for wire-pair assignments or wiring patterns: T568A or T568B. They are nearly identical, except that pairs 2 and 3 are interchanged. Neither of the two is the correct choice, as long as the same convention is used at each end of a permanent link. It is best, of course, to always use the same convention throughout the cabling system. T568B used to be much more common in commercial installations, but T568A is now the recommended configuration. (T568A is the required configuration for residential installations, in accordance with ANSI/TIA/EIA-570-A.) The T568A configuration is partially compatible with an older wiring scheme called USOC, which was commonly used for voice systems. Be consistent at both ends of the horizontal cable. When you purchase patch panels and jacks, you may be required to specify which pattern you are using, as the equipment may be color-coded to make installation of the wire pairs easier. However, most manufacturers now include options that allow either configuration to be punched down on the patch panel or jack.
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