MOBILE COMPUTING. Wi-Fi 9/20/15. CSE 40814/60814 Fall Wi-Fi:
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1 MOBILE COMPUTING CSE 40814/60814 Fall 2015 Wi-Fi Wi-Fi: name is NOT an abbreviaion play on Hi-Fi (high fideliy) Wireless Local Area Nework (WLAN) echnology WLAN and Wi-Fi ofen used synonymous Typically in 2.4 and 5 GHz bands Based on IEEE family of sandards 1
2 IEEE IEEE (Insiue of Elecrical and Elecronics Engineers) esablished he Group in Specificaions for sandard raified in Iniial speeds were 1 and 2 Mbps. IEEE modified he sandard in 1999 o include: b a g n ac (150Mbps (2.4GHz) and 433Mbps (5GHz or more)) IEEE Sandard is primarily concerned wih he lower layers of he OSI model Daa Link Layer Logical Link Conrol (LLC). Medium Access Conrol (MAC). Physical Layer Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP). Physical Medium Dependen (PMD). 2
3 IEEE Sandards Local wireless neworks WLAN WiFi a b h i/e/ /n/ /z g Personal wireless nes WPAN ZigBee Blueooh Wireless disribuion neworks WMAN (Broadband Wireless Access) + Mobiliy a/b/c/d/e ,.6 (WBAN) WiMAX [ (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)] e (addiion o.16 for mobile devices) b/c Wi-Fi Alliance Mission Saemen Non-profi organizaion Cerify he ineroperabiliy of producs and services based on IEEE echnology Grow he global marke for Wi-Fi CERTIFIED producs and services across all marke segmens, plaforms, and applicaions Rigorous ineroperabiliy esing requiremens 3
4 Cerificae & Logo Cerificae inside packaging (opional) Logo on produc packaging (mandaory) Helps reailers and consumers IEEE b (obsolee) 2.4 GHz range (very busy par of specrum) ISM bands: indusrial, scienific and medical (now unlicensed use) Prone o inerference from oher devices (microwave ovens, cordless phones, ec.) and also has securiy disadvanages Limis he number of access poins in range of each oher o hree Has 11 channels (3 non-overlapping) and suppors raes from 1 o 11 Mbps, bu realisically abou 4-5 Mbps max Range: f (indoors/oudoors) 4
5 Channel Selecion (non-overlapping) US (FCC)/Canada (IC) channel 1 channel 6 channel MHz [MHz] Widh of band: 22MHz Channel 1 cener: 2412MHz Channel cener disance: 5MHz (2412, 2417, 2422, 2427, 2432, 2437,...) g Sandard Exension of b, wih he same disadvanages (securiy and inerference). Has a shorer range han b. Is backwards compaible wih b so i allows or a smooh ransiion from 11b o 11g. Flexible because muliple channels can be combined for faser hroughpu. Runs a 54 Mbps, bu realisically abou Mbps and abou 14 Mbps when b associaed Uses frequency division muliplexing 5
6 IEEE a Compleely differen from 11b (& 11g) Flexible because muliple channels can be combined for faser hroughpu and more access poins can be colocaed Shorer range han 11b Runs in he 5 GHz range, so less inerference from oher devices Has 12 channels (8 non-overlapping) Raes from 6 o 54 Mbps (realisically ~27 Mbps max) Uses frequency division muliplexing OFDM = Orhogonal Frequency Division Muliplexing 52 subcarriers (64 in oal) 48 daa + 4 pilo (plus 12 virual subcarriers) khz spacing pilo khz channel cener frequency subcarrier number 6
7 IEEE n & ac IEEE n: MIMO: Muliple Inpu Muliple Oupu (muliple anennas) 2.4 & 5GHz Daa raes up o 150Mbps (single anenna) Range: f (indoor/oudoor) IEEE ac: 5GHz Daa raes of 150 (2.4GHz) 433 (5GHz) Mbps (single anenna) Range: 115 f indoor Infrasrucure vs. Ad-Hoc Neworks infrasrucure nework AP AP wired nework AP: Access Poin AP ad-hoc nework 7
8 Archiecure of an Infrasrucure Nework STA 1 ESS LAN BSS 1 Access Poin BSS 2 Poral Disribuion Sysem Access Poin 802.x LAN Saion (STA) erminal wih access mechanisms o he wireless medium and radio conac o he access poin Basic Service Se (BSS) group of saions using he same radio frequency Access Poin saion inegraed ino he wireless LAN and he disribuion sysem Poral bridge o oher (wired) neworks Disribuion Sysem inerconnecion nework o form one logical nework (ESS: Exended Service Se) based on several BSS STA LAN STA Archiecure of an Ad-Hoc Nework STA LAN IBSS 1 STA 2 STA 3 Direc communicaion wihin a limied range Saion (STA): erminal wih access mechanisms o he wireless medium Independen Basic Service Se (IBSS): group of saions using he same radio frequency IBSS 2 STA 5 STA LAN 8
9 Infrasrucure Nework There is an Access Poin (AP), which becomes he hub of a sar opology. Any communicaion has o go hrough AP! MS1 -> AP -> MS2 Muliple APs can be conneced ogeher and handle a large number of cliens (WLAN consising of muliple APs). MS1 -> AP1 -> AP2 -> MS2 AP1 -> AP2 ypically wired (Eherne), oherwise mesh nework Roaming In an exended service area, a mobile saion (MS) can roam from one BSS (Basic Service Se) o anoher. Roughly speaking, he MS keeps checking he beacon signal sen by each AP and selecs he sronges one and connecs o ha AP. If he BSSs overlap, he connecion will no be inerruped when an MS moves from one se o anoher. If no, he service will be inerruped. Two BSSs coverage areas can largely overlap o increase he capaciy for a paricular area. If so, he wo access poins will use differen channels (why?). 9
10 MAC Layer Prioriies defined hrough differen iner frame spaces no guaraneed, hard prioriies (Shor Iner Frame Spacing) highes prioriy, for ACK, CTS, polling response PIFS (PCF IFS) medium prioriy, for ime-bounded service using PCF (DCF, Disribued Coordinaion Funcion IFS) lowes prioriy, for asynchronous daa service medium busy PIFS conenion nex frame direc access if medium is free CSMA/CA Access Mehod Saion ready o send sars sensing he medium (Carrier Sense based on CCA, Clear Channel Assessmen) If he medium is free for he duraion of an Iner-Frame Space (IFS), he saion can sar sending (IFS depends on service ype) If he medium is busy, he saion has o wai for a free IFS, hen he saion mus addiionally wai a random back-off ime (collision avoidance, muliple of slo-ime) If anoher saion occupies he medium during he back-off ime of he saion, he back-off imer sops (fairness) conenion window (randomized back-off mechanism) medium busy nex frame direc access if medium is free slo ime (20µs) 10
11 Compeing Saions bo e bo r bo e bo r bo e busy saion 1 bo e busy saion 2 saion 3 busy bo e busy bo e bo r saion 4 bo e bo r bo e busy bo e bo r saion 5 busy medium no idle (frame, ack ec.) packe arrival a MAC bo e elapsed backoff ime bo r residual backoff ime CSMA/CA Access Mehod Sending unicas packes saion has o wai for before sending daa receivers acknowledge a once (afer waiing for ) if he packe was received correcly (CRC) auomaic reransmission of daa packes in case of ransmission errors sender receiver oher saions daa waiing ime ACK conenion daa 11
12 CSMA/CA Access Mehod Sending unicas packes saion can send RTS wih reservaion parameer afer waiing for (reservaion deermines amoun of ime he daa packe needs he medium) acknowledgemen via CTS afer by receiver (if ready o receive) sender can now send daa a once, acknowledgemen via ACK oher saions sore medium reservaions disribued via RTS and CTS sender receiver RTS CTS daa ACK oher saions NAV (RTS) NAV (CTS) defer access conenion daa Fragmenaion sender receiver RTS CTS frag 1 ACK 1 frag 2 ACK2 oher saions NAV (RTS) NAV (CTS) NAV (frag 1 ) NAV (ACK 1 ) conenion daa 12
13 Synchronizaion using Beacons beacon inerval (20ms 1s) access poin medium B B B B busy busy busy busy value of he imesamp B beacon frame 13
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