Advanced Storage Area Network Design

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2 Advanced Storage Area Network Design Edward Mazurek Technical Lead Data Center Storage BRKSAN-2883

3 Agenda Introduction Design Principles Storage Fabric Design Considerations Data Center SAN Topologies Intelligent SAN Services Q&A

4 Introduction

5 An Era of Massive Data Growth Creating New Business Imperatives for IT 10X Increase in Data Produced (From 4.4T GB to 44T GB) By B IoT Devices (Will be Connected to Internet) 40% of Data Will Be Touched by Cloud 85% of Data for Which Enterprises Will Have Liability and Responsibility IDC April 2014: The Digital Universe of Opportunities: Rich Data and Increasing Value of Internet of Things BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5

6 Evolution of Storage Networking. Enterprise Apps: OLTP, VDI, etc. Big Data, Scale-Out NAS Cloud Storage (Object) Compute Nodes Fabric REST API Fabric Block and/or File Arrays Multi-Protocol (FC, FICON, FCIP, FCoE, NAS, iscsi, HTTP) Performance (16G FC, 10GE, 40GE, 100GE) Scale (Tens of Thousands P/V Devices, Billions of Objects) Operational Simplicity (Automation, Self-Service Provisioning) BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6

7 Enterprise Flash Drives = More IO Significantly More IO/s per Drive at Much Lower Response Time Response Time Msec SATA drives (8 drives) 15K rpm drives (8 drives) 100% Random Read Miss 8KB One Drive per DA Processor - 8 processors Enterprise Flash Drives (8 drives) IOPs Drive performance hasn t changed since 2003 (15K drives) Supports new application performance requirements Price/performance making SSD more affordable Solid state drives dramatically increase IOPS that a given array can support Increased IO directly translates to increased throughput BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7

8 Design Principles

9 Design Principles VSANs Zoning and Smart Zoning 16G and Forward Error Correction N-Port Virtualization Trunking and Port-channeling MDS Internal CRC handling Device-alias SAN Security FC and/or FCoE

10 VSANs Introduced in 2002 A Virtual SAN (VSAN) Provides a Method to Allocate Ports within a Physical Fabric and Create Virtual Fabrics Analogous to VLANs in Ethernet Virtual fabrics created from larger cost-effective redundant physical fabric Per Port Allocation Reduces wasted ports of a SAN island approach Fabric events are isolated per VSAN which gives further isolation for High Availability FC Features can be configured on a per VSAN basis. ANSI T.11 committee and is now part of Fibre Channel standards as Virtual Fabrics BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10

11 VSAN Assign ports to VSANs Logically separate fabrics Hardware enforced Prevents fabric disruptions RSCN sent within fabric only Each fabric service (zone server, name server, login server, etc.) operates independently in each VSAN Each VSAN is configured and managed independently phx2-9513# show fspf vsan 43 FSPF routing for VSAN 43 FSPF routing administration status is enabled FSPF routing operational status is UP It is an intra-domain router Autonomous region is 0 MinLsArrival = 1000 msec, MinLsInterval = 2000 msec Local Domain is 0xe6(230) Number of LSRs = 3, Total Checksum = 0x vsan database vsan 2 interface fc1/1 vsan 2 interface fc1/2 vsan 4 interface fc1/8 vsan 4 interface fc1/9 phx2-9513# show zoneset active vsan 43 zoneset name UCS-Fabric-B vsan 43 zone name UCS-B-VMware-Netapp vsan 43 BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11

12 Zoning & VSANs 1. Assign physical ports to VSANs VSAN 2 Zone A Zone B Disk2 Host1 Disk4 Disk3 Disk1 Host2 Zone C 2. Configure zones within each VSAN A zone consists of multiple zone members 3. Assign zones to zoneset Each VSAN has its own zoneset Zoneset 1 4. Activate zoneset in VSAN VSAN 3 Zone B Zone A Host3 Host4 Disk5 Members in a zone can access each other; members in different zones cannot access each other Zoneset 1 Disk6 Devices can belong to more than one zone BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12

13 Zoning examples Non-zoned devices are members of the default zone A physical fabric can have a maximum of 16,000 zones (9700-only network) Attributes can include pwwn, FC alias, FCID, FWWN, Switch Interface fc x/y, Symbolic node name, Device alias zone name AS01_NetApp vsan 42 member pwwn 20:03:00:25:b5:0a:00:06 member pwwn 50:0a:09:84:9d:53:43:54 device-alias name AS01 pwwn 20:03:00:25:b5:0a:00:06 device-alias name NTAP member pwwn 50:0a:09:84:9d:53:43:54 zone name AS01_NetApp vsan 42 member device-alias AS01 member device-alias NTAP BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13

14 Number of ACL Entries The Trouble with sizable Zoning All Zone Members are Created Equal Standard zoning model just has members Any member can talk to any other member Recommendation: 1-1 zoning Each pair consumes an ACL entry in TCAM 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Number of ACLs Result: n*(n-1) entries 0 Number of Members BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14

15 Smart Zoning Operation Create zones(s) Today 1:1 Operation Zoning Zones Cmds ACLs Create zones(s) Today Many Operation - Many Zones Cmds ACLs Create zones(s) Smart Zoning Zones Cmds ACLs x I 4 x T Add an initiator Add an initiator Add an initiator Add a target Add a target Add a target Feature added in NX-OS 5.2(6) Allows storage admins to create larger zones while still keeping premise of single initiator & single target Dramatic reduction SAN administrative time for zoning Utility to convert existing zone or zoneset to Smart Zoning BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15

16 How to enable Smart Zoning New Zone Existing Zone BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16

17 Zoning Best Practices no zone default-zone permit All devices must be explicitly zoned zone mode enhanced Acquires lock on all switches while zoning changes are underway Enables full zoneset distribution zone smart-zoning enable Allows for more efficient zoning zone confirm-commit Causes zoning changes to be displayed during zone commit zoneset overwrite-control New in NX-OS 6.2(13) Prevents a different zoneset than the currently activated zoneset from being inadvertently activated BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17

18 IVR - Inter-VSAN Routing VSAN 2 Zone A Zone B Zoneset 1 VSAN 3 Zone B Zoneset 1 Host3 Disk2 Host1 Disk4 Disk6 Disk3 Disk1 Host2 Host4 Disk5 Zone C Zone A Enables devices in different VSANs to communicate Allows selective routing between specific members of two or more VSANs Traffic flow between selective devices Resource sharing, i.e., tape libraries and disks IVR Zoneset A collection of IVR zones that must be activated to be operational BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18

19 Forward Error Correction - FEC Allows for the correction of some errors in frames Almost zero latency penalty Can prevent SCSI timeouts and aborts Applies to MDS 9700 FC and MDS 9396S Applies to 16G fixed speed FC ISLs only switchport speed Configured via: switchport fec tts No reason not to use it! # show interface fc1/8 fc1/8 is trunking Port mode is TE Port vsan is 1 Speed is 16 Gbps Rate mode is dedicated Transmit B2B Credit is 500 Receive B2B Credit is 500 B2B State Change Number is 14 Receive data field Size is 2112 Beacon is turned off admin fec state is up oper fec state is up Trunk vsans (admin allowed and active) (1-2,20,237) BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19

20 Trunking & Port Channels Trunking Trunk VSAN1 VSAN1 Single-link ISL or PortChannel ISL can be configured to become EISL (TE_Port) Traffic engineering with pruning VSANs on/off the trunk VSAN2 VSAN3 TE Port TE Port TE Port Port Channel Port Channel TE Port VSAN2 VSAN3 Efficient use of ISL bandwidth Up to 16 links can be combined into a PortChannel increasing the aggregate bandwidth by distributing traffic granularly among all functional links in the channel Load balances across multiple links and maintains optimum bandwidth utilization. Load balancing is based on the source ID, destination ID, and exchange ID E Port E Port If one link fails, traffic previously carried on this link is switched to the remaining links. To the upper protocol, the link is still there, although the bandwidth is diminished. The routing tables are not affected by link failure BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20

21 N-Port Virtualization Scaling Fabrics with Stability N-Port Virtualizer (NPV) utilizes NPIV functionality to allow a switch to act like a server/hba performing multiple fabric logins through a single physical link Physical servers connect to the NPV switch and login to the upstream NPIV core switch No local switching is done on an FC switch in NPV mode FC edge switch in NPV mode does not take up a domain ID Helps to alleviate domain ID exhaustion in large fabrics Blade Server F-Port N-Port FC1/1 FC1/2 FC1/3 NPV Switch Server1 N_Port_ID 1 Server2 N_Port_ID 2 Server3 N_Port_ID 3 NP-Port phx (config)# feature npiv F-Port FC NPIV Core Switch F_Port BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21

22 Comparison Between NPIV and NPV NPIV (N-Port ID Virtualization) Used by HBA and FC switches Enables multiple logins on a single interface Allows SAN to control and monitor virtual machines (VMs) Used for VMWare, MS Virtual Server and Linux Xen applications NPV (N-Port Virtualizer) Used by FC (MDS 9124, 9148, 9148S, etc.), FCOE switches (Nexus 5K), blade switches and Cisco UCS Fabric InterConnects (UCS 6100, 6200, 6300) Aggregate multiple physical/logical logins to the core switch Addresses the explosion of number of FC switches Used for server consolidation applications Called End Host Mode in UCS BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22

23 NPV Uplink Selection NPV supports automatic selection of NP uplinks. When a server interface is brought up, the NP uplink interface with the minimum load is selected from the available NP uplinks in the same VSAN as the server interface. When a new NP uplink interface becomes operational, the existing load is not redistributed automatically to include the newly available uplink. Server interfaces that become operational after the NP uplink can select the new NP uplink. Manual method with NPV Traffic-Maps associates one or more NP uplink interfaces with a server interface. Note: Use of parallel NPV links will pin traffic to one NPV link. Use of SAN Portchannels with NPV actual traffic will be load balanced. BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23

24 NPV Uplink Selection UCS Example NPV uplink selection can be automatic or manual With UCS autoselection, the vhbas will be uniformly assigned to the available uplinks depending on the number of logins on each uplink Blade Server F-Port Cisco Nexus 5548 NPV Switch NP-Port FC NPIV Core Switch FC1/1 FC1/2 FC1/3 FC1/4 FC1/5 FC1/6 F_Port F_Port BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24

25 Uplink Port Failure Failure of an uplink moves pinned hosts from failed port to up port(s) Path selection is the same as when new hosts join NPV switch and pathing decision is made Blade Server F-Port Cisco Nexus 5548 NPV Switch NP-Port 2 devices re-login FC NPIV Core Switch FC1/1 FC1/2 FC1/3 FC1/4 FC1/5 FC1/6 F_Port F_Port Port is Down BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25

26 Uplink Port Recovery No automatic redistribution of hosts to recovered NP port Blade Server F-Port Cisco Nexus 5548 NPV Switch NP-Port FC NPIV Core Switch FC1/1 FC1/2 FC1/3 FC1/4 FC1/5 FC1/6 F_Port F_Port Port is Up BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26

27 New F-Port Attached Host New host entering fabric is automatically pinned to recovered NP_Port Previously pinned hosts are still not automatically redistributed Blade Server F-Port Cisco Nexus 5548 NPV Switch NP-Port FC NPIV Core Switch FC1/1 FC1/2 FC1/3 FC1/4 FC1/5 FC1/6 F_Port F_Port BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27

28 Auto-Load-Balance npv_switch(config)# npv auto-load-balance disruptive This is Disruptive! Disruptive load balance works independent of automatic selection of interfaces and a configured traffic map of external interfaces. This feature forces reinitialization of the server interfaces to achieve load balance when this feature is enabled and whenever a new external interface comes up. To avoid flapping the server interfaces too often, enable this feature once and then disable it whenever the needed load balance is achieved. If disruptive load balance is not enabled, you need to manually flap the server interface to move some of the load to a new external interface. aces/nx-os/cli_interfaces/npv.html#pgfid BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29

29 Blade System Blade System F-Port Port Channel and F-Port Trunking Enhanced Blade Switch Resiliency Blade N Blade 2 Blade 1 Blade N Blade 2 Blade 1 N-Ports N-Port F-Port Port Channel F-Port Port Channel F-Ports Core Director F-Port Trunking F-Port Trunking F-Port Core Director VSAN1 VSAN2 VSAN3 Storage F-Port Port Channel w/ NPV Bundle multiple ports in to 1 logical link Any port, any module High-Availability (HA) Blade Servers are transparent if a cable, port, or line cards fails Traffic Management Higher aggregate bandwidth Hardware-based load balancing F-Port Trunking w/ NPV Partition F-Port to carry traffic for multiple VSANs Extend VSAN benefits to Blade Servers Separate management domains Separate fault isolation domains Differentiated services: QoS, Security BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30

30 FLOGI Before Port Channel phx # show flogi database INTERFACE VSAN FCID PORT NAME NODE NAME fc2/9 12 0x :41:00:0d:ec:fd:9e:00 20:0c:00:0d:ec:fd:9e:01 fc2/9 12 0x :02:00:25:b5:0b:00:02 20:02:00:25:b5:00:00:02 fc2/9 12 0x :02:00:25:b5:0b:00:04 20:02:00:25:b5:00:00:04 fc2/9 12 0x :02:00:25:b5:0b:00:01 20:02:00:25:b5:00:00:01 fc2/ x :42:00:0d:ec:fd:9e:00 20:0c:00:0d:ec:fd:9e:01 fc2/ x :02:00:25:b5:0b:00:03 20:02:00:25:b5:00:00:03 fc2/ x :02:00:25:b5:0b:00:00 20:02:00:25:b5:00:00:00 Total number of flogi = 7 phx # fc2/9 fc2/ D2 fc2/10 fc2/2 Fabric Interconnect BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31

31 FLOGI- After port channel phx # show flogi database INTERFACE VSAN FCID PORT NAME NODE NAME San-po3 12 0x :0c:00:0d:ec:fd:9e:00 20:0c:00:0d:ec:fd:9e:01 San-po3 12 0x :02:00:25:b5:0b:00:02 20:02:00:25:b5:00:00:02 San-po3 12 0x :02:00:25:b5:0b:00:04 20:02:00:25:b5:00:00:04 San-po3 12 0x :02:00:25:b5:0b:00:01 20:02:00:25:b5:00:00:01 San-po3 12 0x :02:00:25:b5:0b:00:03 20:02:00:25:b5:00:00:03 San-po3 12 0x :02:00:25:b5:0b:00:00 20:02:00:25:b5:00:00:00 Total number of flogi = 6 phx # 5548 D2 2/9 2/10 san-po-3 2/1 2/2 Fabric Interconnect BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32

32 Port-channel design considerations All types of switches Name port-channels the same on both sides Common port allocation in both fabrics ISL speeds should be >= edge device speeds Maximum 16 members per port-channel allowed Multiple port-channels to same adjacent switch should be equal cost Member of VSAN 1 + trunk other VSANs Check TCAM usage on NPIV core switch: show system internal acl tcam-usage show system internal acltcam-soc tcam-usage BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 33

33 Port-channel design considerations Director class Split port-channel members across multiple line cards When possible use same port on each LC: Ex. fc1/5, fc2/5, fc3/5, fc4/5, etc. If multiple members per linecard distribute across port-groups show port-resources module x BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34

34 Port-channel design considerations Fabric switches Ensure enough credits for distance Can rob buffers from other ports in port-group that are out-of-service Split PC members across different FWD engines to distribute ACLTCAM For F port-channels to NPV switches (like UCS FIs) Each device s zoning ACLTCAM programming will be repeated on each PC member For E port-channels(or just ISLs) using IVR Each host/target session that gets translated will take up ACLTCAM on each member Use following table: Ex. On a 9148S a 6 member port-channel could be split across the 3 fwd engines as follows: fc1/1, fc1/2, fc1/17, fc1/18, fc1/33 and fc1/34 Split large F port-channels into two separate port-channels each with half members Consider MDS 9396S for larger scale deployments BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 35

35 Port-channel design considerations Fabric switches Check TCAM usage after major zoning operations Zoning region is the most likely to be exceeded MDS9148s-1# show system internal acltcam-soc tcam-usage TCAM Entries: ============= Region1 Region2 Region3 Region4 Region5 Region6 Mod Fwd Dir TOP SYS SECURITY ZONING BOTTOM FCC DIS FCC ENA Eng Use/Total Use/Total Use/Total Use/Total Use/Total Use/Total INPUT 19/407 1/407 98/2852 * 4/407 0/0 0/0 1 1 OUTPUT 0/25 0/25 0/140 0/25 0/12 1/ INPUT 19/407 1/407 0/2852 * 4/407 0/0 0/0 1 2 OUTPUT 0/25 0/25 0/140 0/25 0/12 1/ INPUT 19/407 1/407 0/2852 * 4/407 0/0 0/0 1 3 OUTPUT 0/25 0/25 0/140 0/25 0/12 1/ BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 36

36 F port-channel design considerations Ports are allocated to fwd-engines according the following table: Switch/Module Fwd Engines Port Range(s) Fwd-Eng Number Zoning Region Entries MDS fc1/25-36 & fc1/ fc1/5-12 & fc1/ & MDS 9250i 4 fc1/5-12 & eth1/ fc1/1-4 & fc1/13-20 & fc1/ fc1/ ips1/ MDS 9148S Bottom Region Entries BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 37

37 F port-channel design considerations Switch/Module Fwd Engines Port Range(s) Fwd-Eng Number Zoning Region Entries MDS 9396S Bottom Region Entries BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38

38 F port-channel design considerations Switch/Module Fwd Engines Port Range(s) Fwd-Eng Number Zoning Region Entries DS-X K DS-X K DS-X K DS-X K DS-X K Bottom Region Entries BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 39

39 F port-channel design considerations Switch/Module Fwd Engines Port Range(s) Fwd-Eng Number Zoning Region Entries DS-X K Bottom Region Entries BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 40

40 MDS Internal CRC handling New feature in 6.2(13) to handle frames internally corrupted due to bad HW Frames that are received corrupted are dropped at the ingress port These frames are not included in this feature In rare cases frames can get corrupted internally due to bad hardware These are then dropped Sometimes difficult to detect New feature detects the condition and isolates hardware 5 possible stages where frames can get corrupted BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 41

41 Internal CRC handling Stages of Internal CRC Detection and Isolation The five possible stages at which internal CRC errors may occur in a switch: 1. Ingress buffer of a module 2. Ingress crossbar of a module 3. Crossbar of a fabric module 4. Egress crossbar of a module 5. Egress buffer of a module BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 42

42 Internal CRC handling The modules that support this functionality are: Cisco MDS Port 16-Gbps Fibre Channel Switching Module Cisco MDS Port 10-Gbps Fibre Channel over Ethernet Switching Module Cisco MDS 9700 Fabric Module 1 Cisco MDS 9700 Supervisors Enabled via the following configuration command: hardware fabric crc threshold When detected failing module is powered down New in NX-OS 6.2(13) BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 43

43 Device-alias device-alias(da) is a way of naming PWWNs DAs are distributed on a fabric basis via CFS device-alias database is independent of VSANs If a device is moved from one VSAN to another no DA changes are needed device-alias can run in two modes: Basic device-alias names can be used but PWWNs are substituted in config Enhanced device-alias names exist in configuration natively Allows rename without zoneset re-activations device-alias are used in zoning, IVR zoning and port-security copy running-config startup-config fabric after making changes! BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 44

44 Device-alias device-alias confirm-commit Displays the changes and prompts for confirmation MDS9710-2(config)# device-alias confirm-commit enable MDS9710-2(config)# device-alias database MDS9710-2(config-device-alias-db)# device-alias name edm pwwn MDS9710-2(config-device-alias-db)# device-alias commit The following device-alias changes are about to be committed + device-alias name edm pwwn 10:00:00:00:11:11:11:11 Do you want to continue? (y/n) [n] BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 45

45 Device-alias Note: To prevent problems the same device-alias is only allowed once per commit. Example: MDS9148s-1(config)# device-alias database MDS9148s-1(config-device-alias-db)# device-alias name test pwwn MDS9148s-1(config-device-alias-db)# device-alias rename test test1 Command rejected. Device-alias reused in current session :test Please use 'show device-alias session rejected' to display the rejected set of commands and for the device-alias best-practices recommendation. BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 46

46 SAN Design Security Challenges SAN design security is often overlooked as an area of concern Application integrity and security is addressed, but not back-end storage network carrying actual data SAN extension solutions now push SANs outside datacenter boundaries Not all compromises are intentional Accidental breaches can still have the same consequences FC SAN design security is only one part of complete data center solution Host access security one-time passwords, auditing, VPNs Storage security data-at-rest encryption, LUN security External DOS or Other Intrusion Privilege Escalation/ Unintended Privilege Application Tampering (Trojans, etc.) SAN Unauthorized Connections (Internal) Theft Data Tampering LAN BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 48

47 SAN Security Secure management access Role-based access control CLI, SNMP, Web Secure management protocols SSH, SFTP, and SNMPv3 Secure switch control protocols TrustSec FC-SP (DH-CHAP) AAA - RADIUS, TACACS+ and LDAP User, switch and iscsi host authentication Fabric Binding Prevent unauthorized switches from joining fabric Port-security Ensure only approved devices login to fabric FC CT Management Security Ensure only approved devices send FC CT cmds Device/SAN Management Security Via SSH, SFTP, SNMPv3, and User Roles SAN Protocol Security (FC-SP) VSANs Provide Secure Isolation FC CT Management security New in NX-OS 6.2(9) Port-security Shared Physical Storage RADIUS or TACACS+ or LDAP Server for Authentication iscsi- Attached Servers Hardware-Based Zoning Via Port and WWN BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 49

48 Slow Drain Slow Drain Device Detection and Congestion Avoidance Devices can impart slowness in a fabric MDS has advanced features that will identify and mitigate slow draining devices BRKSAN-3446 SAN Congestion! Understanding, Troubleshooting, Mitigating in a Cisco Fabric White paper (2013) BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 50

49 FC and/or FCoE? FC and FCoE are widely available on all Nexus and MDS switches FC and FCoE freely interoperate FCoE is Operationally Identical Need to understand data throughput for various speeds FCoE is newer and has less diagnostics Distance must be considered for both FC and FCoE BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 51

50 FC and FCoE are widely available on both Nexus and MDS switches MDS supports 2/4/8/16G FC and 10/40G FCoE MDS does not supported consolidated IO Nexus 2000/5000/6000 supports 2/48/16G FC and 10/40G FCoE Supports consolidated IO Nexus 7000 supports 10/40G FCoE Nexus 9000 TOR(Top of Rack) supports FCoE in NPV BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 52

51 FC and FCoE freely interoperate FCoE MDS FC FC FC Disk Array MDS FCoE N7K FCoE FCoE Nexus 2/5/6/K FC FC tape system FCoE Disk Array BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 53

52 FCoE is Operationally Identical Supports both FC and FCoE FCoE is treated exactly the same as FC After zoning device perform registration and then performs discovery Which are FCoE hosts? phx2-9513# show fcns database vsan 42 VSAN 42: FCID TYPE PWWN (VENDOR) FC4-TYPE:FEATURE xac0600 N 50:0a:09:83:8d:53:43:54 (NetApp) scsi-fcp:target 0xac0700 N 50:0a:09:84:9d:53:43:54 (NetApp) scsi-fcp:target 0xac0c00 N 20:41:54:7f:ee:07:9c:00 (Cisco) npv 0xac1800 N 10:00:00:00:c9:6e:b7:f0 scsi-fcp:init fc-gs 0xef0000 N 20:01:a0:36:9f:0d:eb:25 scsi-fcp:init fc-gs BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 54

53 The Story of Interface Speeds Protocol Clocking Gbps Encoding Data/Sent Data Rate Gbps MB/s 8G FC b/10b G FC b/66b ,275 10G FCoE b/66b ,250 16G FC b/66b ,700 32G FC b/66b ,400 Comparing speeds is more complex than just the apparent speed Data throughput is based on both the interface clocking (how fast the interface transmits) and how efficient the interface transmits (how much encoding overhead) 40G FCoE b/66b ,000 BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 55 55

54 FCoE is newer and has less diagnostics Nexus switches especially Nexus 5000/6000 best for smaller deployments MDS FC has the most robust: Capabilities Director class Dual supervisors FC-SP/TrustSec FEC Smart Zoning Diagnostics Port-monitor ISL Diagnostics SFP Detailed Diagnostics Troubleshooting Slowport-monitor TxWait SNMP OIDs for slow drain BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 56

55 SAN Extension FC over long distance BB_Credits and Distance 2 Gbps FC ~1 km per Frame 4 Gbps FC 8 Gbps FC 16 Gbps FC ~0.5 km per Frame ~0.25 km per Frame ~0.125 km per Frame 16 Km phx2-9513(config)# feature fcrxbbcredit extended phx2-9513(config)# interface 1/1 phx2-9513(config-if)# switchport fcrxbbcredit extended 1000 phx2-9513# show interface 1/1 fc1/1 is up.. Transmit B2B Credit is 128 Receive B2B Credit is 1000 BB_Credits are used to ensure enough FC frames in flight A full (2112 byte) FC frame is approx 1 km 2 Gbps, ½ km 4 Gbps ¼ km long at 8 Gbps As distance increases, the number of available BB_Credits need to increase as well Insufficient BB_Credits will throttle performance - no data will be transmitted until R_RDY is returned BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 57

56 Distance must be considered for both FC and FCoE Both FC and FCoE are distance sensitive For FC - if insufficient credits then link will go idle 8 credits per 16Gbps Time t0 Tx credits at 0 R_Rdy Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Tx Credits 5 Tx Remaining Credits 0 MDS Fabric switches and Nexus have lower amounts of B2B credits Time t1 Credit received link idle Link is idle Frame 5 RRdy BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 58

57 SAN Extension FCoE over long distance FCoE Flow Control For long distance FCoE, receiving switch Ingress Buffer must be large enough to absorb all packets in flight from the time the Pause frame is sent to the to time the Pause Frame is received A 10GE, 50 km link can hold ~300 frames That means 600+ frames could be either in flight or will be transmitted by the time the receiver detects buffer congestion and sends a Pause frame to the time the Pause frame is received and the sender stops transmitting Egress Buffer Frame Frame Latency Buffer Frame Frame Pause threshold Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Ingress Buffer Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Pause Latency Buffer turning is platform specific BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 59

58 Distance must be considered for both FC and FCoE FCoE PFC Pause t0 Time t0 xoff threshold reached FCoE buffers must be large enough to contain frames that can be transmitted for a RTT FCoE drops can occur otherwise Verify supported distance for each FCoE device Xoff Xon t1 Frame 5 Frame 4 Frame 3 Frame 2 Frame 1 Frame Frame Frame Frame Xoff Xon Xoff Frame Frame Frame Frame t2 Frame 8 Frame 7 Frame 6 Frame 5 Frame 4 Frame 3 Frame 2 Frame 1 Frame Frame 9 Frame 10 Pause Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Time t1 Pause frame received Frame 6 Frame 7 Frame 8 Frame 9 Frame 10 Time t2 traffic paused Frame 9 & 10 dropped Pause Xon Frame Frame Frame BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 60

59 Storage Fabric Topology Considerations

60 The Importance of Architecture SAN designs traditionally robust: dual fabrics, data loss is not tolerated Must manage ratios Fan in/out ISL oversubscription Virtualized storage IO streams (NPIV attached devices, server RDM, LPARs, etc.) Queue depth Latency Initiator to target Slow drain Performance under load: does my fabric perform the same Application independence Consistent fabric performance regardless of changes to SCSI profile Number of frames Frame size Speed or throughput BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 62

61 SAN Major Design Factors Port density How many now, how many later? Topology to accommodate port requirements Network performance What is acceptable? Unavoidable? Traffic management Preferential routing or resource allocation Fault isolation Consolidation while maintaining isolation High Performance Crossbar 2 QoS, Congestion Control, Reduce FSPF Routes Large Port Count Directors 1 Management Secure, simplified management 4 Failure of One Device Has No Impact on Others BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 63 63

62 Scalability Port Density Topology Requirements Considerations Number of ports for end devices How many ports are needed now? What is the expected life of the SAN? How many will be needed in the future? Hierarchical SAN design Large Port Count Directors Best Practice Design to cater for future requirements Doesn t imply build it all now, but means cater for it and avoids costly retrofits tomorrow BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 64 64

63 Scalability Port Density MDS Switch selection MDS 9148S 48 ports 16G FC MDS 9250i 40 ports 16G FC + 8 port 10G FCoE + 2 FCIP ports MDS 9396S 96 ports 16G FC MDS 9706 Up to 192 ports 16G FC and/or 10G FCoE and/or 40G FCoE MDS 9710 Up to 384ports 16G FC and/or 10G FCoE and/or 40G FCoE MDS 9718 Up to 768 ports 16G FC and/or 10G FCoE and/or 40G FCoE All MDS 97xx chassis are 32G ready! All 16G MDS platforms are full line rate BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 65

64 Scalability Port Density Nexus Switch selection Nexus 55xx Up to 96 ports 10G FCoE and/or 8G FC ports Nexus 5672UP Up to 48 10G FCoE and/or 16 8G FC ports Nexus 5672UP-16G Up to 48 10G FCoE and/or 24 16G FC ports Nexus 5624Q 12 ports 40G or 48 ports 10G FCoE Nexus 5648Q 24 ports 40G or 96 ports 10G FCoE Nexus 5696Q Up to 32 ports 100G / 96 ports 40G / 384 ports 10G FCoE or 60 8G FC Nexus 56128P Up to 96 10G FCoE and/or 48 8G FC ports All Nexus platforms are full line rate BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 66

65 Traffic Management Do different apps/servers have different performance requirements? Should bandwidth be reserved for specific applications? Is preferential treatment/ QoS necessary? QoS, Congestion Control, Reduce FSPF Routes Given two alternate paths for traffic between data centers, should traffic use one path in preference to the other? Preferential routes BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 67

66 Network Performance Oversubscription Design Considerations All SAN Designs Have Some Degree of Oversubscription Without oversubscription, SANs would be too costly Oversubscription is introduced at multiple points Switches are rarely the bottleneck in SAN implementations Device capabilities (peak and sustained) must be considered along with network oversubscription Must consider oversubscription during a network failure event Disk Oversubscription Disk do not sustain wire-rate I/O with realistic I/O mixtures Vendors may recommend a 6:1 to as high as 20:1 host to disk fan-out ratio Highly application dependent ISL Oversubscription Two-tier design ratio less than fan-out ratio Tape Oversubscription Need to sustain close to maximum data rate LTO-6 Native Transfer Rate ~ 160 MBps Port Channels Help Reduce Oversubscription While Maintaining HA Requirements Host Oversubscription Largest variance observed at this level. DB servers close to line rate, others highly oversubscribed 16Gb line cards non-oversubscribed BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 68

67 Fault Isolation Consolidation of Storage Single Fabric = Increased Storage Utilization + Reduced Administration Overhead Major Drawback Faults Are No Longer Isolated Technologies such as VSANs enable consolidation and scalability while maintaining security and stability Physical SAN Islands Are Virtualized onto Common SAN Infrastructure VSANs constrain fault impacts Faults in one virtual fabric (VSAN) are contained and do not impact other virtual fabrics Fabric #1 Fabric #2 Fabric #3 BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 69

68 Data Center SAN Topologies 70

69 Structured Cabling Supporting new EoR & ToR designs Pricing advantage for manufactured cabling systems Removes guessing game of how many strands to pull per cabinet Growth at 6 or 12 LC ports per cassette Fiber-only cable plant designs possible BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 72

70 Core-Edge Highly Scalable Network Design Traditional SAN design for growing SANs High density directors in core and fabric switches, directors or blade switches on edge Predictable performance Scalable growth up to core and ISL capacity Evolves to support EoR & ToR End of Row Top of Rack Blade Server MDS 9718 as core BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 74

71 Large Edge-Core-Edge/End-of-Row Design Large Edge/Core/Edge (1920/2160 End Device Ports per Fabric) Traditional Edge-Core-Edge design Is ideal for very large centralized services and consistent host-disk performance regardless of location Full line rate ports, no fabric oversubscription 8Gb or 16Gb hosts and targets Services consolidated in the core Easy expansion Per Fabric Total Ports Deployed 3,456 6,912 Used Ports 16Gb 8Gb 16Gb 8Gb 240 Storage ports at 16Gb (optional 8Gb without changing bandwidth ratios) 240 ISLs from storage edge to 16Gb 240 ISLs from host edge to 16Gb A Fabric Shown, Repeat for B Fabric MDS 9710 Storage Ports 16Gb, or 8Gb Host Ports 1,680 3,360 16Gb, or 8Gb Gb or 16Gb ISL ports 960 1,920 Host ISL Oversubscription End to End Oversubscription 16Gb 16Gb storage 8Gb storage BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 75

72 Very Large Edge-Core/End-of-Row Design Very Large Edge/Core/Edge (4608 End Device Ports per Fabric) Traditional Core-Edge design Is ideal for very large centralized services and consistent hostdisk performance regardless of location Full line rate ports, no fabric oversubscription 16Gb hosts and targets Services consolidated in the core Easy expansion Per Fabric Total Ports available Used Ports 16Gb 16Gb Storage Ports 16Gb 16Gb Host Ports ISL ports (288 per switch) Storage ports at 16Gb 768(48 per switch) ISLs from host edge to 16Gb 4032 (252 per switch) 8Gb or 16Gb 24 A Fabric Shown, Repeat for B Fabric MDS 9718 MDS 9710 Host ISL Oversubscription End to End Oversubscription 16Gb 16Gb storage BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 76

73 SAN Top of Rack MDS 9148S SAN Top of Rack (2,288 End Device Ports per Fabric) Ideal for centralized services while reducing cabling requirements 352 Storage ports at 16Gb Both A and B Fabric Shown MDS 9710 Consistent host/target performance regardless of location in rack 8Gb hosts & 16Gb targets Easy edge expansion until maxed out Massive cabling infrastructure avoided as compared to EoR designs Per Fabric Total 4 ISLs from each edge to 16Gb A B Ports Deployed 2,688 5,376 Used Ports 2,672 5,344 Storage Ports 16Gb 16Gb Host Ports 2,112 4,224 2,112 16Gb 4 4 MDS 9148S 2 x 9148S per rack ISL Ports Host ISL Oversubscription End to End Oversubscription 16Gb 16G hosts Rack 48 Racks 44 Dual-attached servers per rack BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 77

74 Top-of-Rack Design - Blade Centers SAN Top of Rack Blade Centers (1,920 Usable Ports per Fabric) Ideal for centralized services Consistent host/target performance regardless of location in blade enclosure or rack 8Gb hosts & 16Gb targets Need to manage more SAN Edge switches/blade Switches NPV attachment reduces fabric complexity Assumes little east-west SAN traffic Add blade server ISLs to reduce fabric oversubscription Ports Deployed 1,920 8 ISLs from each edge to 8Gb 96 Storage ports at 16Gb A B Both A and B Fabric Shown MDS 9710 Blade Center Used Ports Storage Ports 16Gb 8Gb 16Gb, or 8Gb 960 8Gb Host Ports 2304 Host ISL Oversubscription End to End Oversubscription 8G 16Gb Storage 8Gb Storage Rack 12 Racks, 72 chassis 96 Dual-attached blade servers per rack BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 78

75 Medium Scale Dual Fabric Collapsed Core Design Medium Scale Dual Fabric (768 End Device Ports per Fabric) Ideal for centralized services Consistent host/target performance regardless of location 8Gb or 16Gb hosts & targets (if they exist) Relatively easy edge expansion to Core/Edge EoR design Supports blade centers connectivity 96 Storage ports at 16Gb A Fabric Shown, Repeat for B Fabric MDS 9710 Ports Deployed 768 Used Ports 768@ 16Gb Storage Ports 16Gb Gb Host Ports Host ISL Oversubscription 16Gb N/A End to End Oversubscription 16Gb BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 79

76 POD SAN Design POD SAN Design - Ideal for centralized services Consistent host/target performance regardless of location in blade enclosure or rack Storage ports at 16Gb 10/16Gb hosts & 16Gb targets Need to manage more SAN Edge switches/blade Switches MDS 9396S MDS 9396S NPV attachment reduces fabric complexity Add blade server ISLs to reduce fabric oversubscription Per Fabric Total Ports Deployed Used Ports MDS 9148S 6 ISLs from each edge to 16Gb 6 A B 8 ISLs from each edge to 8Gb UCS FI 6248UP Storage Ports 36-48@ 16Gb 16Gb Host Ports ISL Ports Host ISL Oversubscription 16Gb 6 Racks, 252 chassis 42 Dual-attached servers per rack 6 Racks, 288 blades 48 Dual-attached blade servers per rack End to End Oversubscription 16G hosts Gb or Gb BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 80

77 FI UP, FI 6332 UCS SAN Design FI UP Use Case FI 6332 Use Case Nexus 7K/9K 40G 16G FC Nexus 7K/9K 40G 40G FCoE FI UP FI 6332 UCS B-Series B200 B260 B460 and 40G UCS C-Series C220 C240 C460 40G MDS 9700 Storage Array UCS B-Series B200 B260 B460 and 40G UCS C-Series C220 C240 C460 40G MDS 9700 Storage Array IOM 2304 IOM G 40G 16G FC 40G FCoE BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 81

78 Intelligent SAN Services

79 Enhancing SAN Design with Services Extend Fabrics FCIP Extended Buffer to Buffer credits Encrypt the pipe SAN Services extend the effective distance for remote applications SAN IO acceleration Write acceleration Tape acceleration SAN Extension with FCIP Enhance array replication requirements Reduces WAN-induced latency Improves application performance over distance Data Migration Data Migration with DMM Fabric is aware of all data frames from initiator to target IO Acceleration BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 83

80 SAN Extension with FCIP Fibre Channel over IP Encapsulation of Fibre Channel frames into IP packets and tunneling through an existing TCP/IP network infrastructure, in order to connect geographically distant islands Write Acceleration to improve throughput and latency Hardware-based compression Hardware-based IPSec encryption Array to Array Replication FCIP Tunnel TE Port BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 84

81 FC Redirect - How IOA Works Replication Starts Replication Starts Initiator to target Flow redirected to IOA Engine Flow accelerated and sent towards normal routing path IOA IOA MAN/WAN IOA IOA IOA= I/O Accelerator Initiator Target Initiator Target Virtual Initiator Virtual Target BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 85

82 Data Acceleration A fabric service to accelerate I/O between SAN devices Accelerate SCSI I/O Over both Fibre Channel (FC) and Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP) links For both Write Acceleration (WA) and Tape Acceleration (TA) I/O Acceleration Node platforms: MSM-18/4, SSN-16, MDS-9222i, MDS-9250i Uses FC Redirect IOA IOA MAN/WAN IOA IOA IOA= I/O Accelerator BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 86

83 IOA FCIP Tape Backup Large Health Insurance Firm MDS IOA Results FCIP 92% throughput increase Highly resilient Clustering of IOA engines allows for load balancing and failover Improved Scalability- Scale without increasing management overhead Significant reutilization of existing infrastructure- All chassis and common equipment re-utilized Flat VSAN topology- Simple capacity and availability planning BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 87

84 Data Mobility Application I/O Application Servers Data Mobility Manager Old Array Data Migration New Array Migrates data between storage arrays for Technology refreshes Workload balancing Storage consolidation DMM offers Online migration of heterogeneous arrays Simultaneous migration of multiple LUNs Unequal size LUN migration Rate adjusted migration Verification of migrated data Dual fabric support CLI and wizard-based management with Cisco Fabric Manager Not metered on no. of terabytes migrated or no. of arrays Requires no SAN reconfiguration or rewiring Uses FC Redirect BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 88

85 SAN Extension - CWDM Course Wavelength Division Multiplexing TX TX TX TX Optical transmitters Transmission 8 channels WDM using 20nm spacing Colored CWDM SFPs used in FC switch Optical multiplexing done in OADM Passive device Optical fiber pair OADM RX RX RX RX Optical receivers BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 89

86 SAN Extension - DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing TX TX TX TX Optical transmitters Transmission Optical Splitter Protection Optical fiber pair DWDM devices RX RX RX RX Optical receivers DWDM systems use optical devices to combine the output of several optical transmitters Higher density technology compared with CWDM, <1nm spacing BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 90

87 Dense vs Coarse (DWDM vs CWDM) DWDM CWDM Application Long Haul Metro Amplifiers Typically EDFAs Almost Never # Channels Up to 80 Up to 8 Channel Spacing 0.4 nm 20nm Distance Up to 3000km Up to 80km Spectrum 1530nm to 1560nm 1270nm to 1610nm Filter Technology Intelligent Passive Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2 MDS ONS Array DWDM CWDM BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 91

88 Summary Drivers in DC are forcing change 10G convergence & server virtualization It's not just about FCP anymore. FCoE, NFS, iscsi are being adopted Proper SAN design is holistic in the approach Many design options Optimized for performance Some for management Others for cable plant optimization Performance, Scale, Management attributes all play critical roles Not all security issues are external Fault isolation goes beyond SAN A/B separation Consider performance under load Design for SAN services BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 92

89 Additional Relevant Sessions Storage Networking Cisco Live Las Vegas 2016 BRKARC Cisco MDS/Nexus SAN Portfolio: Next phase of Storage Networking Wednesday 8AM BRKSAN SAN Congestion! Understanding, Troubleshooting, Mitigating in a Cisco Fabric Wednesday 4PM BRKSAN Troubleshooting Cisco MDS 9000 Fibre Channel Fabrics Thursday 8AM BRKCCIE-3351 Storage Networking for CCIE Data Center Candidates Thursday 8AM BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 93

90 Call to Action Visit the World of Solutions for: Multiprotocol Storage Networking booth See the MDS 9718, Nexus 5672UP, 2348UPQ, and MDS 40G FCoE blade Data Center Switching Whisper Suite Strategy & Roadmap (Product portfolio includes: Cisco Nexus 2K, 5K, 6K, 7K, and MDS products). Technical Solution Clinics Meet the Engineer Available Tuesday and Thursday BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 94

91 Complete Your Online Session Evaluation Give us your feedback to be entered into a Daily Survey Drawing. A daily winner will receive a $750 Amazon gift card. Complete your session surveys through the Cisco Live mobile app or from the Session Catalog on CiscoLive.com/us. Don t forget: Cisco Live sessions will be available for viewing on-demand after the event at CiscoLive.com/Online BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 95

92 Continue Your Education Demos in the Cisco campus Walk-in Self-Paced Labs Lunch & Learn Meet the Engineer 1:1 meetings Related sessions BRKSAN Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 96

93 Please join us for the Service Provider Innovation Talk featuring: Yvette Kanouff Senior Vice President and General Manager, SP Business Joe Cozzolino Senior Vice President, Cisco Services Thursday, July 14 th, :30 am - 12:30pm, In the Oceanside A room What to expect from this innovation talk Insights on market trends and forecasts Preview of key technologies and capabilities Innovative demonstrations of the latest and greatest products Better understanding of how Cisco can help you succeed Register to attend the session live now or watch the broadcast on cisco.com

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