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1 Testing and Measurement Technology Handbook of Cable Testing h ps://itnetworks.softing.com Fault Analysis Documentation and Reporting

2 Editorial On the way to new frontiers High-quality copper wiring in local area networks form the basis for fast and secure data communication. In the 1990s, users were satisfied with transfer rates of 10 & 100 Mbit/s, which is no longer enough today. Today we are talking in LANs of about 1 & 10 Gbit/s and - especially in the environment of data centers - about 40 Gbit/s over copper cabling. The latest technologies in multimedia environments, such as Next-Generation Wireless LAN (IEEE ac) and HDTV with high resolutions (4K and 8K), drive the bandwidth - and therefore the transfer speeds - in copper data networks up into new heights. To ensure the system guarantees and the proper function of these high-speed copper data networks, this inevitably involves measurement and testing of these cabling systems. So the field testing technology must be prepared. Meanwhile, we are talking about CAT 8/8.1/8.2 and Class I & II. We will be dealing with these issues in this brochure. We continue the tradition of summarizing all issues around measuring and testing technology of copper data network cabling in a handy booklet. The first issue on this subject appeared in March This new edition of The Handbook of Cable Testing will easily find its place in the tool box or measuring devices of every data cabling installer: Always at hand, quick to look up, with comprehensive and updated information. We wish you smooth installations and testing of data cabling installations. Sincerely Dipl.-Ing.(FH) Thomas Huesch Technical Support & Training Softing IT Networks GmbH 3

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: Retrospective, History 6 Evolution of Ethernet 7 Increasing Data Rates CHAPTER 2: Structured Cabling 7 Cabling Standards 7 Structured Cabling 9 Categories and Classes 12 Complex Relationships in Standardization 13 It all began in the USA 13 Standards Applicable at the International/ European Level 14 What do the tables show by comparison? 14 Augmented Connectors 16 Increasing Cable Requirements 18 Consideration of other Transmission Parameters CHAPTER 3: Measurement Technology 21 Measurement Technology for Copper Cabling New Challenges 21 Definition of Permanent Link and Channel 23 Is the Wiring (Wiremap) Correct? 23 Direct Current Resistance of Pairs 23 Propagation Delay and Delay Skew 24 Determination of Cable Length 25 Measurement of High Frequency (RF) Properties 26 Attenuation of Pairs 27 Crosstalk of Pairs at the Near End (NEXT) 27 Return Loss of Pairs 27 Crosstalk of Pairs at the Far End (FEXT) 29 Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio Near End (ACR-N) 29 Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio Far End (ACR-F) 30 Power Sum CHAPTER 4: Documentation/Reporting 31 Documentation of Test Results CHAPTER 5: Fault Analysis 33 Fault Analysis in Data Networks 33 Wiring Faults, Incorrect Connector Termination 34 DC Resistance Faults 34 Delay Skew between Pairs 34 High Attenuation, Weak Signal? 35 Crosstalk in Data Cables 36 Return Loss Faults 37 ACR Faults 37 PSNEXT (Power Sum NEXT) faults 38 Quality will Decide CHAPTER 6: Patch Cords 40 Measurement Equipment for Patch Cords 40 What is a Patch Cord? 41 How to Test Patch Cords? 43 Measurement Equipment for M12 Cabling 44 Perspective 44 Smartphones/BYOD 44 Television/Multimedia 45 Automation Technology 45 Wireless Networks 45 Cloud Applications 4

4 BOOKLET OF CABLE TESTING Data Transmission Technology: STANDARDS INSTALLATION MEASUREMENT FUNDAMENTALS OF NETWORK TECHNOLOGY This brochure takes a closer look at data transmission technology starting with the evolution of networks, standards, certification testing and troubleshooting to reporting and documentation. Did you know that the popular and widely used Ethernet celebrated its 40 th anniversary and that IEEE 802 began the standardization of Ethernet as early as 30 years ago with the first 802.3T standard? The use of computers, smart TVs, telephone systems using VoIP technology and building communications systems (door communications systems, alarm systems) has become an integral part of our modern life. But it is not long ago that separate communication networks were needed to run them: Twisted cables for the telephone, coaxial cables for the television and clumsy data cables (IBM) for the early office PC systems. Today, however, the ``Ethernet has established itself as the dominant standard in communications technology and is thoroughly used by the various disciplines. Nowadays, the term ``Ethernet describes both the physical interface (cable, connector) and the transfer protocol, providing the basis for the universally known TCP/IP world the logical functions of the network components. This brochure will focus on the physical Ethernet interface that is well known as ``structured building cabling. If you are a skilled measurement technician you will even have to consider it when it comes down to its planning, installation, certification testing and operation. For a better understanding, let us start with the basics of today s network infrastructure. Everybody is talking about the so-called universal ``structured building cabling. What does this mean and which relevant standards do exist? 5

5 BOOKLET OF CABLE TESTING Chapter 1: Retrospective, History EVOLUTION OF ETHERNET Let me quote Bob Metcalfe (Figure 1), the inventor of Ethernet, who is now a professor of Innovation at the University of Texas in Austin, for some historical data. He commented during the event in 2013: ``On May 22 nd, we celebrated the 40 th anniversary of the invention of Ethernet at Xerox PARC. Now, on June 23 rd, we celebrate the 30th anniversary of Ethernet s standardization by IEEE 802. Of course, Ethernet has been standardized many times by IEEE since 1983 to incorporate the rapid innovations from 2.94 Mbit/s to 100 Gbit/s, from thick to thin coaxial cables to Figure 1: Ethernet inventor Bob Metcalfe is today professor for innovation at the University of Texas in Austin Figure 2: Increasing demand for bandwidth in networks and data centers Source IEEE

6 BOOKLET OF CABLE TESTING twisted-pair and to optical fiber cables and Wi-Fi, from CSMA/CD bus networks to switches and ultimately wireless access points whilst assuring a high degree of backward compatibility. ``By 1983, there were people buying Ethernet whom I did not know personally. By 1985, there were people whom I did not know inventing Ethernet. And they continue doing so today with great success using the open standardization processes of IEEE. Congratulations, and thank you. Metcalfe continued (Source: IEEE SA). INCREASING DATA RATES The same is true for the data rates which were and are increasing dramatically (Figure 2). The development of balanced twisted-pair cabling systems that are used today has advanced rapidly over the last decades. Whereas in 1995, networks with transmission speeds of 100 Mbit/s were installed and operated, network speeds have increased by the factor 100 to date. Since the year 2000, copper-based networks with transmission rates of 1 Gbit/s have been installed and operated, at first in data centers, followed by work place installations. For some years now, CAT 6A/ClassE A networks with 10 Gbit/s speeds have been installed and operated. These networks are initially found mainly in data centers to connect high-performance servers to switches and storage systems. But just like this kind of developments was repeatedly observed in the past, the servers of today will be our desktops of tomorrow and this will hold true for both the performance of computers and the network connectivity required. On June 17 th 2010, another milestone was set. ``IEEE 802.3ba 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force published the standards for 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s transmissions over optical fiber cabling. Chapter 2: Structured Cabling CABLING STANDARDS Currently IEEE 802.3bq is working on the standardization of 40 Gbit/s over copper cabling. And that s not all, IEEE has already tackled the next objective. On April 2 nd 2013, the ``400 Gbit/s Ethernet Study Group was formed to develop an Ethernet standard with transmission speeds of 400 Gbit/s in the course of their activities. The above mentioned standards on an IEEE compliant transmission technology describes how data have to be transmitted to meet the requirements set by the Ethernet standard. The so-called cabling standards, however, address the underlying infrastructure. They specify infrastructure design and transmission characteristics based on the transmission requirements defined by IEEE structured cabling. Also known as generic building cabling, in a unified construction plan of cabling used for different services such as voice, data, video, controls, etc. With regards to structured cabling, the International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ratified the international standard ISO/IEC for generic cabling systems which are published in the English language. In North America, cabling design is in line with the North American ANSI/TIA 568 C standard specifications, in Europe cabling design is in line with the European EN standard specifications. STRUCTURED CABLING Structured cabling forms a critical part of the technical infrastructure of a campus and is subdivided into three cabling subsystems - campus backbone cabling, building backbone cabling and horizontal cabling. 7

7 From the inventors of CAT 8 Testing. CAT 8 since When will it be your turn?

8 ASIA/PACIFIC Softing Singapore Pte Ltd Singapore Phone: Softing IT Networks GmbH China Shanghai Phone: AMERICA Softing Inc Chapman Highway Knoxville, TN Phone: EUROPE/MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA Germany Softing IT Networks GmbH Munich Phone: France Softing SARL Paris Phone: +33 (0) info.france@softing.com Italy Softing Italia Cesano Boscone (MI) Phone: info@softingitalia.it 2017 Softing IT Networks. In line with our policy of continuous improvement and feature enhancement, product specifications are subject to change without notice. All rights reserved. Softing and the Softing Logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Softing AG. WireXpert and the WireXpert Logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Softing IT Networks. All other trademarks, registered or unregistered, are sole property of their respective owners.

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