CSE 5306 Distributed Systems. Course Introduction
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1 CSE 5306 Distributed Systems Course Introduction 1
2 Instructor and TA Dr. Donggang CSE Web: dliu@uta.edu Phone: Office: ERB 555 Office hours: Tus/Ths 12:30PM to 2PM TA for Section 1 Sarker Ahmed rumee (sarker.ahmedrumee@mavs.uta.edu) Office hours: TBA TA for Section 3 Harshavardha Gorla (harshavardha.gorla@mavs.uta.edu) Office hours: TBA
3 Course Objective Understand the distributed systems!...
4 Textbook and Prerequisites Textbook Andrew S. Tanenbaum and Maarten Van Steen, Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms (2nd Edition) Prerequisites CSE 3320: Operating Systems CSE 4344: Computer Networks
5 Topics Architectures Processes Communication Naming Synchronization Consistency and replication Fault tolerance, security Security Distributed File Systems. 5
6 Expected Outcomes Enough understanding of distributed systems Be able to explain the principles underlying the functioning of distributed systems how these principles are applied in distributed systems and what the problems and challenges are Understand and estimate the impact of different design choices, system features on distributed systems 6
7 Grading Tentative course work Pop quiz (10%) One midterm (30%) March 19 (Tuesday After Spring Break) One final exam (30%) May 12 Projects (30%) The final grades are computed as follows A: >=90% B: >=75% C: >=60% D: >=40% F: <40%
8 Course Policies Projects Deadlines are all firms Late submission will be accepted with a 10% reduction in grade for each day it is late by You must use text editors (e.g., MS Word) to complete reports No makeup exams Only miss midterm, you final exam will be 45% Only miss final, you midterm exam will be 45% Miss both, you get 0% from exams 8
9 Submission and Confirmation your assignment and project submissions to TA Convert your submission to a ps or pdf file You should ask for confirmation in your , and get a confirmation from our TA The confirmation is the only acceptable evidence that proves your submission Include CSE 5306 in the subject line of every submission 9
10 CSE 5306 Distributed Systems Introduction 10
11 What is a Distributed System? A loose definition A collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system Characteristics Autonomous components (i.e., computers) A single coherent system The difference between components as well as the communication between them are hidden from users Users can interact in a uniform and consistent way regardless of where and when interaction takes place Easy to expand and replace In some sense, distributed systems is an operating system that manages multiple computers connected via network 11
12 Distributed System As a Middleware A distributed system organized as middleware. The middleware layer extends over multiple machines, and offers each application the same interface. 12
13 Why Distributed Systems? Achieve something that cannot be easily done by a single computer More computing power More storage space Pervasive computing Examples Anytime anywhere computing Scientific computing on Grid or Cluster platforms Peer-to-peer file sharing system Wireless sensor networks 13
14 Design Goals Resource accessibility Easy to access and share resource Distribution transparency Hide the fact that resources are distributed across the network Openness The system should offer services according to standard rules that describe their syntax and semantics Extensible: easy to add / replace components Scalability Size scalable, geographically scalable, administratively scalable 14
15 Resource Accessibility Benefits Economic, e.g., sharing costly devices such as printers and RAID Encourage collaboration and exchange of information, e.g., Internet, Facebook, CVS version control Problems Security, e.g., eavesdropping connection, spam, DDOS attacks 15
16 Distribution Transparency Access transparency Hide the difference in data representation and how a resource is accessed Location transparency Hide where a resource is physically located Migration transparency Hide that a resource may be moved to another location Relocation transparency Hide that a resource may be moved during access Replication transparency Hide that a resource may be replicated at many locations Concurrency transparency Hide that a resource may be shared by several competitive users Failure transparency Hide the failure and recovery of a resource 16
17 Openness Interoperability Implementations from different manufacturers can work together by merely relying on the standard rules Portability Applications from one distributed system can be executed on another distributed system that implements the same service Extensibility Easy to add or replaces components in the system Flexibility Separating policy from mechanism 17
18 Scalability Measured in three dimensions Size scalable Can easily add more users or resources to the system Geographically scalable Can easily handle users and resources that may lie far apart Administratively scalable Can easily manage the system even if it spans many independent administrative organizations 18
19 Size Scalability - Examples Centralized services A single server for all users Centralized data A single online telephone book Centralized algorithms A routing algorithm that requires the knowledge of full network topology 19
20 Decentralized Algorithms Characteristics No machine has complete information about the system state Machines make decisions based only on local information Failure of one machine does not ruin the algorithm No implicit assumption about a global clock 20
21 Geographical Scalability Synchronous communication Large network latency in wide-area network Building interactive application is non-trivial Assumption of reliable communication Wide-area network is unreliable E.g., locating a server through a single broadcast message 21
22 Administrative Scalability Conflicting policies with respect to Resource usage Management Security Attacks from a foreign user Attacks from a foreign distributed system 22
23 Scaling Techniques - Hide Latency The difference between letting (a) a server or (b) a client check forms as they are being filled. 23
24 Scaling Techniques - Distribution DNS example: locating nl.vu.cs.flits 24
25 Pitfalls The network is reliable The network is secure The network is homogeneous The topology does not change Latency is zero Bandwidth is infinite Transport cost is zero There is one administrator 25
26 Types of Distributed Systems Distributed computing systems Cluster computing systems Grid computing systems Cloud computing systems Distributed Information systems Transaction processing systems Enterprise application integration (exchange info via RPC or RMI) Distributed pervasive systems Smart-home systems Electronic Healthcare systems (Heart monitors, Body Area Network) wireless sensor networks 26
27 Cluster Computing Systems Hooking up a collection of simple computers (mostly homogeneous) via high-speed network To build a supercomputing platform Example: server cluster at Banks, Brokerages, etc. Linux-based beowulf architecture 27
28 Grid Computing Systems In contrast to cluster computing, grid computing Have a high degree of heterogeneity No assumption are made concerning hardware, OS, security, etc. Users and resources from different organizations are brought together to allow collaboration Virtual Organization (VO) Members belong to the same VO has access to the resources that are provided to that VO Focus of the software design for grid computing Provide access to resources from different administrative domain to only those users that belong to a specific VO 28
29 An Example Architecture (1) Applications operate within a VO and make use of grid computing environment Grid Middleware 29
30 An Example Architecture (2) Fabric layer Provide interface to local resources as a specific site within a VO Resource layer Managing a single resource such as creating a process or read data Connectivity layer Transfer data between resources or access a resource from a remote location Collective layer Provide access to multiple resources; typically consists of services for resource discovery, allocation and scheduling 30
31 Cloud Computing Systems Computing resources (hardware and software) that are delivered as a service over a network Cloud computing providers offer their services according to three fundamental models Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) Basic infrastructure, clients need to install OS images platform as a service (PaaS) Comes with OS, database, web servers software as a service (SaaS) Comes with the software that the clients need 31
32 Distributed Information Systems Deal with the interoperability between networked applications Two forms of distributed info. systems Transaction Processing System (TPS) Distributed transaction: all or nothing happened Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) Separate process components from databases Let applications communicate with each other 32
33 Transaction Processing Systems Properties of transactions Atomic: to the outside world, each transaction happens indivisibly Consistent: the transaction does not violate the system invariants Isolated: concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other Durable: once a transaction commits, the changes are permanent Primitives for transactions: 33
34 Nested Transactions 34
35 Realizing Transactions Transaction Processing Monitor 35
36 Enterprise Application Integration Goal: link applications in a single organization together to simplify or automate the business process Example: publish/subscribe systems Middleware as a communication facilitator (RPI,RMI,MOM) 36
37 Distributed Pervasive Systems Devices in a distributed pervasive system are often Small, batter-powered, mobile, and limited wireless communication Three characteristics Embrace contextual changes I was a phone and now I am a web access device A device must be aware that its environment may change Encourage ad hoc composition Many devices will be used differently by different users Recognize sharing as the default Easy to read, store, manage, and share information 37
38 Electronic Healthcare Systems (1) Questions to answer: Where and how should monitored data be stored? How can we prevent loss of crucial data? What infrastructure is needed to generate and propagate alerts? How can physicians provide online feedback? How can extreme robustness of the monitoring system be realized? What are the security issues and how can the proper policies be enforced? 38
39 Electronic Healthcare Systems (2) Monitoring a person in a pervasive electronic health care system, using (a) a local hub or (b) a continuous wireless connection. 39
40 Wireless Sensor Networks (1) A network that consists of a large number of low-end sensor nodes Each sensor can sense the physical environments and talk to other sensor nodes via short-range radio communication Ideal candidate for applications that interact with environments Infrastructure monitoring, battlefield surveillance Some design questions to answer How to efficiently route data in the network? How to aggregate the results to reduce the communication? What to do when network link fails 40
41 Wireless Sensor Networks (2) Organizing a sensor network database, while storing and processing data only at the operator s site 41
42 Wireless Sensor Networks (3) Organizing a sensor network database, while storing and processing data only at the sensors. 42
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