Mesh Networks
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1 Institute of Computer Science Department of Distributed Systems Prof. Dr.-Ing. P. Tran-Gia Decentralized Bandwidth Management in IEEE Mesh Networks www3.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de
2 Motivation IEEE Mesh Nodes VoIP The Internet FTP Decentralized Bandwidth Management Algorithm: adapt resource reservations to traffic requirements 2
3 Overview Introduction to Mesh Networks Overview of IEEE Mesh Mode Decentralized Bandwidth Management Algorithm Results Conclusion 3
4 Classification of Mesh Networks Mesh network (our understanding): Multi-hop networks with infra-structure component Broadband Wireless Internet Access MAC layer: coordinated or uncoordinated medium access Routing IP layer MAC layer Multiple channels Multiple technologies 4
5 IEEE Standard Family of IEEE Standards IEEE Standard Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems IEEE e-2005 Amendment Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems Two modes of operation point-to-multipointto mode mesh mode Physical Layers: SC, SCa, OFDM, OFDMA 5
6 IEEE Mesh Mode IEEE defines physical layer and scheduling mechanisms for operation in mesh mode algorithms for network entry and configuration coordinated data transmissions distributed scheduling centralized scheduling both in parallel type of service bits for per hop service differentiation IEEE mesh mode does not specify routing end-to-end connections quality of service standardization not completed and currently not supported by WiMAX Forum 6
7 Frame Structure No explicit uplink and downlink (TDD) Frame consists of control subframe data subframe 7
8 Frame Structure Example frame structure: frame length: 4ms bandwidth: 7MHz OFDM symbol duration: 40µs data subframe subdivided into up to 256 minislots (MS) 8
9 Distributed Scheduling Principle: coordinate transmissions in two hop neighborhood no collisions of data transmissions every node knows schedule of neighbors minislot allocations by three-way handshake request grant grantack duration of an allocation either finite or infinite Base Station Node ID 1 Node ID 3 Node ID 4 MSH-DSCH (Mesh Distributed Scheduling) Messages transmitted in regular time intervals Node ID 6 Node ID 5 Node ID 7 distributed algorithm based on unique node identifier to avoid collisions contains current minislot allocations used to send request and grant Node ID 8 9
10 Three-Way Handshake Requesting node transmits Request-Message number of requested minislots desired duration available slots Granting node answers with a Grant-Message location of granted minislots start of the allocation duration of the allocation Requesting node transmits a Grant-ACK-Message copy of the grant All messages part of MSH-DSCH Packet multiple l messages in one packet possible 10
11 Distributed Scheduling Coordination in 2-hop neighborhood with 3-way-handshake Req: 5MS Grant: 0-4 Reserve 0-4 ACK: 0-4 Reserve 0-4 ACK: 0-4 broadcast: 0-4 occupied Minimum intervals between two coordination messages GrantACK message completes the allocation Coordination message scheduled collision-free 11
12 Example for a Request Collision 1 Node A Node B Node C Request 3 MSs Reserved: 0 Reserved: 0 Reserved: 0 Request 5 MSs 2 Grant MSs 0-2 Reserved: 0-2 Reserved: 0 Reserved: 0 3 Reserved: 0-2 Reserved: 0-4 Grant MSs 0-4 listening Reserved: 0-4 Grant MSs
13 End-to-end and Hop-by-hop MAC packets contain type of service no final origin and destination addresses packet forwarding at higher layer A C B scheduling for one link at one node queues at IP (higher) layer per service class per connection per node per neighbor queues at MAC layer IP layer per service class A B C A B C round robin MAC layer strict ti tpriority it VoIP Best Effort 13
14 Bandwidth Adaptation/Allocation IEEE standard specifies mechanism to reserve bandwidth on a link IEEE standard does not specify how to use this mechanism When to request how many minislots for how long? Bandwidth allocation mechanism non-terminated minislot allocation request bandwidth according to buffer content always request desired bandwidth oblivious of free capacity of granting node no downgrading by granting station 14
15 Bandwidth Allocation Mechanism Estimate bandwidth demand and request change if needed estimate change of accumulated queue size Δbandwidth = QFillrate + Est.QSize t-gack QSize α = QFillrate est. QSize α α future (next) possibility to send request α α now est. GACK time QFillrate can be negative t time 15
16 Simulation Setup Three types of traffic VoIP - small bandwidth constant bit rate traffic with priority Web small data volumes over simplified TCP (100kBytes) FTP large data volume over simplified TCP (1.25 MBytes) exponential call inter-arrival time Different traffic intensities low medium = 2 * low high = 1.5 * medium very high = 1.25 * high VoIP = low + VoIP connections General Settings 180 minutes per run 10 replications per configuration symmetric traffic 16
17 Different Topologies Line: Square: Tree: 17
18 Throughput for Different Topologies 18
19 Connection Throughput Square Topology web and file transfer web file transfer number of hops 19
20 Static vs Dynamic Comparison of bandwidth allocation algorithm with optimal static allocation Static allocation: allocate fixed minislots per link number of minislots per link is proportional to carried nodes super-optimal allocation: 94 minislots Dynamic allocation uses only 72 minislots i longer control subframe implies shorter data subframe 20
21 Static vs Dynamic: Homogeneous Traffic Intensities 21
22 Static vs Dynamic: Heterogeneous Traffic Intensities 22
23 Conclusions IEEE mesh mode implemented distributed scheduling three-way handshake h for bandwidth allocation Decentralized bandwidth allocation mechanism based on bandwidth requirement estimated from buffer content Main results: distributed scheduling works correctly bandwidth adaptation mechanism better than super-optimal static bandwidth allocation for low to medium traffic heterogeneous traffic IEEE example of mesh network with coordinated data transmission 23
24 Some Open Problems Routing routing messages not included in control subframe no broadcast data transmission only point-to-point currently investigating how to build AODV on top of IEEE mesh mode load-adaptive routing QoS no service differentiation for requests service differentiation only for established inks not for establishing links no end-to-end concept Long delays for establishing links for first packet 24
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