Close Capacitive Coupling Communication White Paper

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1 Ecma/TC47/2010/084 (Rev.1 8 December 2010) Close Capacitive Coupling Communication White Paper Rev. 1.1 Ecma International Rue du Rhône 114 CH-1204 Geneva T/F: /01 PC tc rev1.doc :28:00 For Ecma use only

2 1. Introduction Remarkable advances in communication technology over the past few years have led to our ability to connect with the world anytime and anywhere. Close-proximity wireless technology has become commonplace and is increasingly practical in applications such as smart card and cell phone use at transit fare gates and as electronic money. While these technologies have made our lives more convenient, we are beginning to face limitations as they expand into more diverse areas. For example, transmission speeds are nearing their limits and operation of devices that interface with other devices can be cumbersome and complex. CCCC (Close Capacitive Coupling Communication) represents the next generation in close proximity wireless technology. Taking advantage of features that can confine both the communication channel and communication area, CCCC can deliver a new communication method beyond anything previously seen. In addition, it is also applicable to high-speed communication between devices. 2. Technology Principle In principle, CCCC works by using the capacitance that occurs when conductors or dielectrics are in close proximity to one another. The following figure illustrates this operating principle. The transmitter and receiver each possess two electrodes respectively. One electrode on each faces that of the other. The other electrode on each faces open space (infinity), and since electric potential exists in this open space, these can clearly be regarded as having the same electric potential. The electrodes consist of conductors or dielectrics. When these face one another, capacitance occurs, and the transmitter side electrode holds an opposing charge that affects the receiver electrode. Further, since the electrodes facing space are considered to have the same electric potential the whole clearly creating a closed circuit the electrical signals from the transmitter can be communicated to the receiver. The actual signals occurring at the receiver s electrodes are weak, so the received signals are amplified and acquired. 2

3 The following figure illustrates actual application devices. The CCCC devices on the left and right have both transmit and receive functions, and unlike the previous example, there is material (a Mediator) between the devices. Because CCCC operates using capacitance, when a conductive or dielectric medium is inserted into the communication path a charge is produced on the medium just as when the electrodes face each other directly, and just as in the previous example, this makes communication possible. Typically, communication range is from contiguous to 10cm, depending on the application, though it is possible to communicate at greater distances. Transmission speed is from several Mbps to tens of Mbps. In particular, if the devices face each other directly, ideal communication conditions would enable high-speed communications. In conventional wireless communication technology, the communication area is defined by open space, but with CCCC, in principle, the electrodes determine the communication area. Because of this, the communication area can be freely controlled. By utilizing this property, different communication channels can be provided in adjacent spaces, a feature difficult to realize using conventional technology. In the next chapter, we will consider examples of practical applications. 3

4 The following figure illustrates the data transmission mechanism. CCCC devices exchange data with one another by segmenting data into fixed-length frames and alternating the direction of communication. For example, the device on the left segments transmitted data into fixed frames Data0, Data2, Data4, Data6 and Data8, and the device on the right segments transmitted data into Data1, Data3, Data5, Data7 and Data9. These data frames are transmitted at communication time interval $B!H (JT $B!I (J while alternating the direction of communication. Since the frame length is fixed, communication time interval T remains constant. The receiving device restores the data to its original state by joining the fixed frames. Using this communication method, CCCC is able to provide a stable, fixed-speed environment for bidirectional communication. Constant communication speed makes CCCC ideal for applications requiring precise time management, while fixed frame length makes complicated handshake processing unnecessary. When communication conditions are not optimal, frames are resent. By exploiting the fact that resent frames appear at fixed intervals, it becomes possible to dynamically control communication characteristics. 4

5 3. Application In this chapter, we will introduce a few sample CCCC applications Gate System Gate systems where smart cards are presented at predetermined locations to gain passage, employed for access at automatic railway ticket gates, offices, condominiums and the like, enhance convenience. CCCC possesses the potential to further enhance this convenience. CCCC electrodes are placed on the floor of the gate, and by getting the user to place a mobile CCCC device in their pocket a communication path is formed through the legs of the user, allowing communication. It is not necessary to remove and present a smart card. When applied to wheelchairs, handicapped patrons too can enjoy unfettered system access Keyless Entry Keyless entry systems employing wireless technology have become popular, but remote use of a wireless key can allow an unlawful third party to open a car door as the key holder approaches the car. With CCCC, the device holder becomes the communication medium and performs authentication by touching the door handle, so only the device holder can unlock the door, enhancing safety. 5

6 3.3. Door Lock When using CCCC in a secure access application, one may unlock a door by touching the doorknob or even by just approaching close to the door. Door access is made easy even for people with reduced mobility, carrying packages, using a wheelchair, pushing a stroller, etc ATM ATM fraud and abuse employing shoulder surfing is prevalent. When CCCC is applied to ATMs, the cardholder acts as the communication medium and can interact with the ATM by placing a finger on the touch pad to provide authentication credentials. This enables the cardholder to use the ATM without removing or presenting the card, not only averting shoulder surfing fraud but also preventing forgetting the card. 6

7 3.5. Guide System Museums and galleries have introduced audio tour systems. Existing systems, which generally use wireless technology, require users to switch channels for each prescribed work, making operation complicated. Using CCCC electrode geometry, the communication area can be finely controlled. By electrodes placed on the floor near the work, communication can be limited to the target audience, and by merely standing in front of a work, the patron can access the appropriate guide. By using CCCC to receive audio data, converting it to Bluetooth or similar wireless communications, and transmitting to mobile phones for playback via headphones, it is also possible to leverage mobile phones for audio dissemination Health, Medical In recent years, amid global aging trends, the popularity of personal health monitoring devices has increased along with interest in preventative healthcare maintenance. In addition, the medical field has seen significant innovation in research and development of advanced biological information sensing technology. Currently, many of these technologies rely on wired data transmission, resulting in patient discomfort and mobility constraint issues. By employing CCCC for transmission of sensor data, wireless delivery becomes possible for a variety of user applications. Also, unlike conventional wireless communications, CCCC produces no ambient radio frequency transmission, so information security is enhanced. 7

8 3.7. Data Transfer CCCC can be applied to data communication between devices. It is possible to retrieve data from devices such as digital cameras and portable audio players by merely placing the devices close to each other, without having to remove data cards or connect cables. By placing devices on a table or desk with electrical conductivity or dielectric properties, CCCC can easily connect the devices. Because CCC does not emit radio waves like conventional wireless communications, data can be safely transferred without being intercepted by third parties. By placing the devices in close proximity to each other, particularly high-speed communication becomes possible. Even rich media content can be transferred without stress. 8

9 4. Conclusion Thank you for exploring the world of CCCC. CCCC offers a means to achieve flexibility in short-range communications not provided by conventional wireless communications. In serving both direct communications between devices as well as communication via intermediary materials, CCCC facilitates services based on the natural behavior users. It breaks down conventional technology barriers and constraints to provide unprecedented convenience and safety to a wide range of people. By making possible fine-tuned control of communication areas, multiple channels can easily be provided in small areas, a feature not possible with conventional wireless technologies. The possibility of communication at tens of Mbps and speeds up to two orders of magnitude faster than existing smart cards makes trouble-free rich content handling possible. Simpler communications circuitry, as compared to conventional wireless communication technology, can lower cost through reduced power consumption. As CCCC the world s next-generation communications technology is adopted, it will gradually unveil its potential to enrich our everyday lives. 9

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