Object Storage: Redefining Bandwidth for Linux Clusters
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1 Object Storage: Redefining Bandwidth for Linux Clusters Brent Welch Principal Architect, Inc. November 18, 2003
2 Blocks, Files and Objects Block-base architecture: fast but private Traditional SCSI and FC approaches Expensive fabric, difficult to share between hosts File-based architecture: sharable, but bottlenecked performance NAS storage (NFS, CIFS, AFS and DFS) Filer CPU and memory system between clients and disks Object-based architecture: fast and sharable Storage nodes directly accessible by clients via GbE Out-of-band metadata servers make policy decisions for a file system Storage nodes enforce access control to allow safe sharing Page 2
3 Object Storage System Architecture Moves low-level storage functions into the storage device itself Key Object Storage Features Intelligent space management in storage layer Media geometry aware placement Late binding allocation Data aware prefetching, caching & recovery Encapsulation of data and attributes Native object interface, good programming model Storage interpreted attributes for per file properties Key Object Storage Advantages Robust, shared access by many clients Scalable performance via an offloaded data path Strong fine-grained end-to-end security Page 3
4 What is an Object? Object Comprised of: User Data Attributes Interface: ID <dev#,grp#,obj#> Read/Write Create/Delete Getattr/Setattr Capability-based File Component: Stripe files across component objects Page 4
5 Scalability: Capacity Balanced storage node CPU, SDRAM, GE NIC and 2 spindles Commodity parts drive low cost Drive linear performance gains Simply add StorageBlades Single Seamless Namespace! Page 5
6 Scalability: Management Single filesystem namespace ActiveScale Architecture Removes physical & logical boundaries Dynamic load-balancing Interoperability Gateway for NFS/CIFS Free clustered NAS Internal cluster management Single Global Namespace Fault tolerance Environmental/thermal monitoring Software upgrades Service and Support Personalized extranet for bugs, SRs, orders Eng. Developers Marketing Eng. QA Page 6
7 Scalability: Metadata Scaling Block-level metadata controlled by Storage Blades (OSDs) Client caching with callbacks to reduce load for file-level metadata Clustered servers (Director Blades) with active/active failover Metadata provides file system semantics over objects Chunk ownership over collections of files and directories For really large directories, hash into different collections Store metadata with the objects on storage nodes Page 7
8 Bandwidth Sustained Throughput 60 seconds, N clients to N files 1 Client, 10 OSDs: 95 MB/s read, 77 MB/s write 10 Clients, 10 OSDs: 415 MB/s read, 335 MB/s write 151 Clients, 299 OSDs: MB/s read Barrier synchronized 1 TB move (MPI IO min time) 151 Clients, 299 OSDs: N to N, 7486 MB/s read, 6506 MB/s write 151 Clients, 198 OSDs: 2775 MB/s concurrent write to one file Clients are mostly 2.4 GHz uni-processors Large tests had a mix, some duals, some faster Page 8
9 GE Networking GE NICs part of commodity-based storage and compute clusters Cluster-specific interconnects optimized for bandwidth, latency Storage interconnects optimized for cost, longevity Cluster nodes get devoted to being I/O routers Multiprotocol switch: bridge inside cluster switch Eliminates I/O node, two switch ports Page 9
10 Object Storage Acceptance Life Science Gov t Science Oil and Gas Los Alamos Labs buying up to 620 TB through FY04 Business Objective 5X capability at 10% the cost of today s system Requirements Linux commodity cluster 100+ Teraflops Throughput Goal: 1 GB/sec per Teraflop = 100 GB/Sec Object storage testing at scale 120 TB storage installed Option to buy up to 500 TB in FY04 Page 10
11 The premier storage system for scalable Linux clusters November 18, 2003
12 Fine Grain Access Enforcement State of art is VPN of all out-of-band clients, all sharable data and metadata Accident prone & vulnerable to subverted client; analogy to single-address space computing Private Communication File Manager StorageBlade Integrity/Privacy Secret Key 2: CapArgs, CapKey 1: Request for access Object Storage uses digitally signed, object-specific capabilities on each request CapKey = MAC SecretKey (CapArgs) CapArgs = ObjID, Version, Rights, Expiry, ReqMAC = MAC CapKey (Req, Nonceln) Client 3: CapArgs, Req, Nonceln, ReqMAC NASD 4: Reply, NonceOut, ReplyMAC Secret Key ReplyMAC = MAC CapKey (Reply,NonceOut) Page 12
13 Objects: Performance & Scalability Breakthrough Data Throughput AND Random I/O Random I/O Data Throughput 32-shelf, 600 spindles: 305,805 SFS ops/sec, 10 GB/sec Page 13
14 Standardization Timeline CMU NASD Lustre NSIC NASD OSD market T10/SNIA OSD SNIA TWG is nearing completion of proposed OSD standard Great participation by leading storage industry vendors ANSI X3 T10 V1 standard should be in review November 03 Next step for the OSD spec is under development Roadmap includes SMIS support & Information Life Cycle management Page 14
15 Ease of Management Problem: Management is 80% of Storage TCO Multiple physical & logical management sets Ongoing adjustments to maintain efficiency Security breaches System backup, downtime and recovery 80% Initial Purchase cost Ongoing Management costs redefines Appliance-like simplicity Single Namespace Dynamic Load Balancing Quality of Service Page 15
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