Discussion 8: Link State Routing. CSE 123: Computer Networks Marti Motoyama & Chris Kanich
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1 iscussion 8: Link State Routing S : omputer Networks Marti Motoyama & hris Kanich
2 Schedule Project Questions: mail hris, post to moodle, or attend his OH Homework Questions? Link State iscussion S iscussion 8
3 utonomous Systems utonomous systems: a network that is under the control of a single administrative entity Goals: Internet is not a single network; it is composed of multiple Ses (e.g. US, ISPs, big corporations, etc.) Ses want to choose their own local routing algorithms (intradomain routing)» Link State, e.g., Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)» istance Vector, e.g., Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Ses want to set policies about non-local routing (interdomain routing)» order Gateway Routing (GP), which you ll see later. S iscussion 8
4 Internet Today Figure 4.9 in the book ach oval corresponds to a different S You will learn more about this picture in later lectures S iscussion 8 4
5 Routing We mentioned the term routing First, let s make distinction between what you ve seen previously, forwarding. Forwarding (data plane): moving packets between ports Look up the destination address in forwarding table Locate {out-port} or {out-port, M address} pair Routing (control plane): process of populating forwarding table Routers exchange messages about networks they can reach Goal is to find an optimal route for every destination S iscussion 8
6 Routing Strategies Routing requires knowledge of the network structure This is often sensitive information entralized global state: Single entity knows the complete network structure, can calculate all routes centrally Problems with this approach? istributed, global state: very router knows the complete network structure, routers can independently calculate routes Problems with this approach? istributed, no-global state: very router knows only about its neighboring routers, routers can independently calculate routes Problems with this approach? S iscussion 8 6
7 Modeling a Network F Modeled a network as a graph: Routers nodes Links edges» ssociated with each edges is a cost» What are some metrics you might use as cost? Latency, bandwidth, utilization, queue length, etc S iscussion 8 7
8 Link State: ontrol Traffic ach node floods its local information to every other node in the network ach node knows the entire network topology and can compute shortest paths to other nodes using ijkstra s Host Host Host N N N N Host N4 Host N6 N7 S iscussion 8 8
9 Link State: Node State Host Host Host N N N N Host N4 Host N6 N7 S iscussion 8 9
10 Link State Question Name some problems that would arise if all routing in the Internet was done using Link-State and ijkstra s algorithm. S iscussion 8 0
11 Implementing Link State Routing s given in the book on page 8 s always, intimately understand version given in lecture Overview: ach node maintains two lists:» Tentative (similar to Q): nodes whose shortest paths still need to be computed, we know about their existences» onfirmed (similar to S): nodes whose shortest paths are known ach list contains entries of the type:» {estination, ost, Next Hop}. The two lists are continuously updated as new nodes are added to the shortest path tree (as in the ijkstra s algorithm). S iscussion 8
12 ook lgorithm in Gory etail. Initialize onfirmed list with myself, cost = 0. For node Next added to onfirmed in the previous step, select its LSP. all NextHop the node used to reach Next.. For each neighbor of Next, calculate cost to reach Neighbor ost(me, Neighbor) = ost(me, Next) + ost(next, Neighbor) a) If Neighbor not on Tentative or onfirmed: dd {Neighbor, ost, NextHop} to Tentative b) If Neighbor is on Tentative: If cost computed is less than the cost currently listed for Neighbor, replace the entry with {Neighbor, ost, NextHop}. lse, do nothing. 4. If Tentative list is empty, stop. lse, pick entry from the Tentative list with lowest cost and move it to onfirmed list. Return to Step. S iscussion 8
13 Link State xample F Problem: uild routing table for Initialize onfirmed list with myself, cost = 0 Step onfirmed Tentative (, 0, -) S iscussion 8
14 Link State xample F If Neighbor not on Tentative or onfirmed: add {Neighbor, ost, NextHop} to Tentative Step onfirmed Tentative (, 0, -) (,,), (,,), (,,) S iscussion 8 4
15 Link State xample F Pick entry from the Tentative list with lowest cost and move it to onfirmed list. Step onfirmed Tentative (, 0, -), (,,) (,,), (,,), S iscussion 8
16 Link State xample Node Next If Neighbor is on Tentative: If cost computed is less than the cost currently listed for Neighbor, replace the entry with {Neighbor, ost, NextHop}. lse, do nothing. Step onfirmed Tentative 4.i (, 0, -), (,,) (,,), (, 4, ), F S iscussion 8 6
17 Link State xample Node Next If Neighbor not on Tentative or onfirmed: add {Neighbor, ost, NextHop} to Tentative F Step onfirmed Tentative 4.ii (, 0, -), (,,) (,,), (,4,), (,,), S iscussion 8 7
18 Link State xample nd so on F Final Routing Table: Step onfirmed Tentative? (,0,-),(,,),(,,), (,,),(,,),(F,4,) S iscussion 8 8
19 The Forwarding Table Running ijkstra at node gives the shortest path from to all destinations We then construct the forwarding table estination Interface if if if0 F if0 F S iscussion 8 9
20 omplexity How much processing does running the ijkstra algorithm take? ssume a fully connected network with N nodes: ach iteration: need to check all nodes not in onfirmed» st iteration: search through all (N-) nodes in Tentative to find one with minimum cost» nd iteration: search through all (N-) nodes in Tentative to find one with minimum cost» ~N(N+)/ comparisons O(N ) More efficient implementations possible using sorting algorithms O(N log(n)) S iscussion 8 0
21 Obtaining Global State Flooding ach router sends link-state information out its links The next node sends it out through all of its links» xcept the one where the information arrived X X (a) (b) X X (c) (d) S iscussion 8
22 Flooding the Link State Reliable flooding nsure all nodes receive link-state information nsure all nodes use the latest version hallenges: Packet loss Out-of-order arrival Solutions: cknowledgments and retransmissions Sequence numbers Time-to-live for each packet S iscussion 8
23 Flooding the Link State Topology change Link or node failure Link or node recovery onfiguration change Link cost change oping with a dynamic environment: Periodically refresh the link-state information Typically (say) 0 minutes orrects for possible corruption of the data S iscussion 8
24 Link osts bout those link costs... Importance of ost Metric: hoice of link cost defines traffic load Low cost = high probability that link belongs to shortest path tree and will attract traffic, which increases cost Main problem: convergence Want to avoid oscillations while achieving good network utilization S iscussion 8 4
25 Link ost Question xplain why using a static cost metric like hop count is a bad idea. S iscussion 8
26 Load Sensitivity Question ssume the routing protocol computes the shortest path, where the cost of a link represents its traffic load (i.e., the amount of traffic on the link). The traffic from to represents the only traffic in the network. Which route is the traffic from to going to use? Is the route stable? xplain why, or why not. S iscussion 8 6
27 Load Sensitivity Question ssume the traffic from to is TP and assume that the roundtrip time along is much higher than the round-trip-time along. What are some negative impacts of the loadsensitive routing algorithm on TP performance? onsider the effects in particular on TP that implements fast retransmission. S iscussion 8 7
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