Optical transport networks

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1 Optical transport networks Ullas Kumar CS Applications Engineer Zarlink Semiconductor Abstract The advances in optical networking are guiding the world towards an all optical network supporting a broad spectrum of services. With the future transport infrastructure, Service Providers must have the ability to support the rapidly increasing growth of their services while keeping the cost as minimal as possible. There are number of framing techniques and standards in high speed transport architectures. Among them, G.709 is the industry dominant standard providing comprehensive performance monitoring enhancement for most common transport protocols. This paper discusses the migration to the optical networks beyond SONET/SDH. It also covers the industry standards on optical networking and optimal architectures for Digital Wrapping devices which implement G.709 compliant framing. The paper also touches next generation network architectures which can seamlessly integrate any service, including TDM, IP, ATM, and SDH/SONET. Introduction Next generation networks demand efficient transmission and performance monitoring capabilities with highest availability and survivability. SONET/SDH networks have been serving the high speed back bone networks for a long time. WDM and DWDM networks followed SONET/SDH, increasing the traffic capability. Digital Wrapper technology provides a protocol independent transport mechanism providing efficient management of Optical Transport Networks, with robust error correction facilities. Traditional Transport Mechanisms SONET/SDH technology has been accepted as a proven standard for transport networks. Traditionally, the back bone networks for high speed transport are built on SONET/SDH technology, due to its inherent nature of survivability and performance advantages. Self healing bi-directional ring architectures offered superior availability with error performance monitoring capabilities, enough provisions for network management and rapid provisioning of services with Add-Drop architecture. SDH/SONET Basics and Traffic Mapping Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) (ANSI and ITU -T standards respectively) were established as standards for interconnecting optical transmission equipment from different suppliers. In SONET, the base signal is referred to as Synchronous Transport Signal level-1(sts-1), which operates at Mb/s. Higher-level signals are integer multiples of STS-1, creating the family of STS-N signals, for N = 1, 3, 12, 48, 192 & 768. An STS-N signal is composed of N byte-interleaved STS-1 signals. The optical counterpart for each STS-N signal is designated as OC-N (Optical Carrier level-n). The frames and signals of the SDH hierarchical levels are named synchronous transport module of level N (STM-N), for N = 1, 4, 16, 64 & 256. The following figure details bit rates of SONET and SDH. Table 1. Summary of SDH and SONET SONET/SDH is a technology based on Time Division Multiplexing(TDM). The SDH/SONET frame structure is 168 IIC-China/ESC-China 2002 Conference Proceedings

2 based on synchronous byte-wise multiplexing of several building blocks. Such synchronous multiplexing elements are structured fixed-size sets of bytes, which are byte-interleaved or mapped one into the other to eventually form STM- N/STS-N frames(figure 1). For TDM transport, virtual containers (VCs) or Virtual Tributaries(VTs) are the basic building blocks. A VC/VT maps a payload, which can be any PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) signal as well as other lower-order synchronous multiplexing elements. Figure 1. STM-N Frame Structure Though SDH/SONET is a TDM technology, any type of traffic can be transported over SONET. This gave an edge for SDH/SONET as the high speed transport networks evolved to carry different type of traffic to provide multiple services using a converged network. The following section details mapping different traffic types to SDH/SONET. Figure 3. Classical IP over ATM over SDH/SONET Though ATM permits sophisticated traffic engineering, flexible routing, better provisioning of physical bandwidth and multi-service integration, the ATM mapping itself results in 18-25% bandwidth overhead in addition to the approximately 4% over head needed for SDH/SONET. IP directly over SONET solution provides robust transmission, path level fault and performance management and protection switching with high bandwidth efficiency. The techniques for transporting IP over sonnet include Packet over SONET/SDH (POS) and Ethernet over SONET/SDH. Standardized Packet Over SONET/SDH mappings use PPP(Point to Point Protocol)/HDLC(High-level Data Link Control). IP datagrams are encapsulated into PPP packets which provide multi-protocol encapsulation, error control and link initialization. The PPP packets are framed used HDLC to provide delineation of packets and error control. Figure 4 illustrates IP over SONET/SDH. Figure 2. STM-1 with one AU-4 Figure 2 explains how TDM traffic is mapped on to SDH. E - 4 (CEPT PDH hierarchy Level - 4 ) traffic at Mb/ s is mapped on to Virtual container - 4 (VC - 4 ) which in turn is associated VC - 4 Path Over Head(POH) to form an AU - 4 (Administrative Unit - 4). Amongst the functions included within this overhead are Virtual Container path performance monitoring, alarm status indications, signals for maintenance purposes and multiplex structure indications. The AU - 4 structure floats on STM payload is pointed with an AU-4 pointer which together constitutes an AUG (Administrative Unit Group). The pointer mechanism is used to take care of the asynchronous phase of the PDH traffic and also to compensate for frequency offsets between transmission systems. The above description illustrates just one case of TDM traffic mapping on to SDH. G.707 describes all the formats for mapping and multiplexing PDH elements on to an STM - N frame. Figure 3 details the mapping of Classical IP over ATM over SDH/SONET. First, each IP datagram is encapsulated into an ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5) frame using multiprotocol Logical Link Control and Subnet Attachment Point ( SNAP) encapsulation. Then the resulting AAL5 Common Part Convergence Sub-layer Protocol Data Unit is segmented into 48 byte payload ATM cells. Finally The ATM cell is mapped on to SONET/SDH. Figure 4. SONET/SDH transporting IP using PPP/HDLC Optical transport networks The main disadvantage of SONET/SDH networks is that they are optimized for TDM traffic. The protocol lacks functions required to effectively manage traffic other than traditional voice traffic based on TDM technology. Most of the high speed transport back bones are based on SDH/SONET ring architecture. In a SONET/SDH ring, there are limitations on the number of nodes that can be placed over one ring. There is another category of SONET/SDH terminal equipment which is used in point to point applications. But the technology needs to implement multiple optical fibers to increase bandwidth in point to point networks. The survivability of SONET/SDH networks is guaranteed by protection circuits. While using protection circuits, considerable bandwidth is consumed, though it offers an excellent recovery in minimal time. The bandwidth chunks are inflexible, the whole ring has to run on the same rate. Above all, at each SONET/SDH node an Optical - Electrical - Optical conversion needed to be done which increased the equipment complexity. Therefore SONET/SDH networks have their inherent limitations in managing supporting high bandwidth optical networks. All these pointed to an all-optical network architecture. Optical Transport Networking (OTN) is often defined as the IIC-China/ESC-China 2002 Conference Proceedings 169

3 ability to construct optical networks that have advanced features such as optical channel routing, switching, supervision, survivability and that support flexible, scalable and reliable transport of wide variety of client signals at unprecedented bandwidth granularities upwards of tens of giga bits per second per optical channel. In a fully featured Optical Transport Network, the transport networking functions will migrate from SONET/SDH networks to optical transport networks and will complement service layer features to satisfy full range of infrastructure and service specific requirements. WDM and DWDM The first step towards Optical Transport Networks is the Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM). WDM is a technique used to establish multiple, independent optical channels on a single fiber. The following figure shows multiplexing separate optical sources into a fiber and separation of signals out of the fiber. Digital wrappers With initial DWDM techniques, it was difficult to cost-effectively manage increasing number of wavelengths to provide fast, reliable services. To effectively manage the wavelengths or optical channels required that optical networks support per-wavelength level operations, administration and maintenance (OAM) functions. Signals on each wavelength in the DWDM system needed to be SDH/SONET formatted to support signal regeneration and to monitor, analyze and manage optical channels. With the absence of all-optical devices which can do signal re-generation and wavelength conversion, there is to be some measure of opto-electric conversion in the near-term optical networks, resembling optically transparent sub-networks, bounded by feature enhanced opto-electronics. Digital Wrapper technology is a solution for providing management and intelligence features to individual optical channels. A digital envelope or wrapper is placed around the optical channel itself, providing non-intrusive monitoring and management of each optical channel. A section of digital overhead bandwidth is added to the client wavelength, taking advantage of the need for opto-electric conversion, so that management and control information about the client signal can be transmitted with the signal through the network. Digital Wrapper encapsulates the native signal without disrupting the bit-rate, format, or timing of the signal. The optical network can support transmission of virtually any client protocol and can directly support client-side interfaces such as SONET/SDH, Gigabit Ethernet (GbE), ATM, Frame Relay, and Internet Protocol. The Optical Channel overhead (OCh-OH) is carried in-band with optical channel used to transport the client signal. Figure 5. Wavelength Division Multiplexing All WDM devices are purely passive and are reversible, so any particular device can perform either multiplexing or de-multiplexing. SONET framed signals can be mapped on to the WDM equipment, increasing the capacity of embedded fiber, preserving the SONET structure since the optical layer will be transparent to the SONET layer. The existing SONET traffic continues to operate as if it was the only traffic and new traffic can be added to new wavelengths with out affecting the existing. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) refers to systems that support a large number if channels. Usually in WDM systems each optical signal can operate at up to 2.5 Gbps or 10 Gbps supporting 32 to 64 channels. IP packets mapped on to SONET/SDH can be transported by a WDM infrastructure that maps SONET/SDH frames onto optical wavelengths, without intervening the SDH equipment. The names for this technology Direct IP over DWDM, IP over fiber and IP over glass refer to the equipment interconnection, but not the direct protocol mapping over the wavelength. Figure 6. Digital Wrapper - Payload wrapped with Overhead and FEC Digital Wrapper inserts a highly effective error correction algorithm that is superior at detecting and correcting any errors encountered across an optical link - the Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanism. FEC in Digital Wrapper works by inserting Reed-Solomon codes across the entire optical channel bit stream. At the terminating end of the connection, the Wrapper is stripped off from the client signal and the Reed- Solomon decoders detect and correct bit errors encountered on the link. The Reed-Solomon algorithm is able to reconstruct the digital signal at the receiving end of the link with a high degree of success. Using FEC, advanced optical systems have the ability to separately report detected and corrected bit error rates on any given optical channel. Digital Wrapper Standards : ITU-T G.709 Industry accepted standard for Digital Wrapper is ITU-T G.709, which defines the Optical Network Node Interface (ONNI) for the Optical Transport Hierarchy. It details the definition of Optical Transport Module of order n (OTM-n), the structures for OTM-n, the functionality of the overheads and the formats for mapping and multiplexing client signals. The following sections detail the specifications. G.709 describes ONNI interconnection points as Inter- Domain Interfaces (IrDI), and Intra-Domain Interfaces (IaDI). IrDIs are boundaries between OTNs of different administrative domains, that may be of multiple network operators. IaDIs are interconnections within given administrative domain, say, a single vendor sub-network. The following figure illustrates the different domains. IaDIs are not a subject of G.709 standardization except for the management functionality, and therefore they should have the ability to support the features necessary for OTN management within their own sub-network. 170 IIC-China/ESC-China 2002 Conference Proceedings

4 Figure 7. Inter Domain and Intra Domain Boundaries OTN Sub-layers Optical Channel Payload Unit (OPUk) Optical Channel Payload Unit contains the client signal payload and the overhead necessary for mapping the client signal into the payload unit. Any type of client signals can be encapsulated into a payload unit, the most common being SDH/SONET, ATM, Ethernet, IP etc. The Pay load unit header contains a structure, Payload Structure Identifier (PSI) which identifies the type of traffic that is embedded and Depending on the type of mapping, the other bits in the over head varies. Figure 11. ODU Frame Structure and Overheads Figure 8. OTN Sub layers The structure and layers of the OTN are in parallel with the path, line, and section sub-layers of SONET/SDH. Although the G.709 standard extends into the layers below the optical channel (OMS and OTS layers), digital wrapper exists primarily at the OCh layer. G.709 standard also provides and option in which there are no OMS or OTS layers - a singlechannel, non-dwdm architecture with single optical channel over fiber optic cable. Optical Channel Data Unit (ODU) ODU has the OPUk and the associated overhead that provides path layer connection monitoring functions. The overhead consists of portions dedicated to the end to end data unit path and to six levels of tandem connection monitoring. The ODU overhead contains bytes for Maintenance Signals (MS) which are used to indicate end to end optical channel continuity such as Alarm indication (AIS), Open connection( OCI) or Locked(LCK). PM( Path Monitoring ) overhead provides the functions for connection monitoring and management. The TTI(Trail Trace Identifier) allows network operators to verify optical channel connectivity. Backward Defect Indication (BDI) allows carriers to localize faults to a specific part of the optical transport. Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP-8) provides bit error performance monitoring within the ODU path layer. Figure 9. OTN compared with SONET / SDH Sub-Layers of OCh The optical channel is subdivided into three structures, the Optical Channel Payload Unit, which is the mapped client signal and its overhead the Optical Data Unit which is used for path layer connection of Payload Unit. The Optical Transport unit takes care of the error correction section layer connection. Figure 10. Sub-layer description of OCh Figure 12. ODUk Overhead description TCM fields allow several instances of the Path Monitoring functions, in order to allow carriers to monitor paths through multiple optical networks. TCM fields 1-6 can be stacked or nested as the ODU connections traverse networks allowing ODU connections to be monitored end-to-end through service provider networks. When an ODU traverses an optical network, the next TCM field is populated and is designated the top of stack which is indicated by TCM/TOS filed. This allows service provider visibility and connection monitoring across several administrative domains. GCC1 and GCC2 are two general purpose format independent communications channels which can be used to pass information between any two network elements. Experimental Overhead portion (EXP) is provided to allow vendor or the network operator to support an application within their network. Automatic Protection Switching and Protection Control Channel (APS/PCC) are also defined in the ODU overhead. Fault Type and Fault Location message can be sent over the FTFL channel. Tandem connection monitor- IIC-China/ESC-China 2002 Conference Proceedings 171

5 ing activation and De-activation is done through the TCM/ ACT channels. This provides path layer protection, such as optical channel shared protection rings in the optical domain. By building protection functionality into the ODU- OH at the path layer, individual optical channels can be protected or unprotected on a per-wavelength basis. Optical Channel Transport Unit (OTU) Optical channel transport unit contains the ODU structure, appended FEC and the overhead(figure 13). OUT provides error detection, correction and section layer connection monitoring functions. Figure 13. OTU frame structure OTU overhead provides section monitoring, a General Purpose Communications Channel and some reserved bytes. Figure 14. OTUk Overhead structure and managed through multiple service provider networks. Figure 16. Optical Multiplex Section Optical Transmission Section(OTS) The OTS network layer contains the OTS payload and OTS overhead. The OTS payload consists of n optical multiplex sections. The OTS-OH consists of the information for maintenance and operational functions to support optical transmission sections. The OTS-OH is carried in an optical auxiliary channel. An example of an OTS would be the network section between two amplifiers on an optical link. The OTS layer allows service providers to manage and monitor physical sections of optical fiber between network elements such as optical add/drop MUXes, amplifiers, or optical switches. Faults can be isolated at the physical fiber level. Attributes such as laser signal power levels, dispersion and loss of signal can be reported to network operators to facilitate fault isolation. The Section Monitoring (SM) bytes of OUT overhead provide Trail Trace Identifier(TTI), Bit Interleaved Parity(BIP-8), back ward defect detection (BDI) and Backward Error Indication (BEI) functions. Certain bytes in the overhead are reserved. Two bytes are allocated to support a General Communication Channel between OTUk termination points. Figure 17. Optical Transmission Section Figure 15. Frame Alignment and Multi-frame alignment Signals A six byte frame alignment signal is defined in the OTU to identify the OTU frame. OA1 is and OA2 is Since some of the overhead signals like TTI and TCM-ACT span multiple OTUk frames, there is a need for a multi-frame structure and therefore a multiframe alignment signal is also defined. This is one byte defined in the OTUk overhead is incremented each frame providing a 256 frames multi-frame. Optical Multiplex Section (OMS) The OMS network layer contains the OMS payload along with a non-associated OMS overhead (OMS-OH).The OMS payload consists of the multiplexed OChs. The contents of OMS-OH are transported in a separate optical auxiliary channel. The OMS supports optical multiplex section layer connections and connection monitoring. An example of an OMS would be the section between an optical MUX and optical DeMUX. With the OMS, service providers can troubleshoot and isolate faults in OTNs that occur on DWDM network sections. Bundles of wavelengths can be monitored Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC) An Optical supervisory channel is defined which provides the physical transport of the overheads of multiplex (OMS) and transmission (OTS) sections. This channel also carries non-associated Optical Channel overhead and used to transport general management communications. Digital Wrapper: Features and advantages The use of Digital Wrapper technology provides improved functionality and reliability compared to SONET/SDH including optical layer performance monitoring, Forward Error Correction, ring protection and restoration on a per wavelength basis independent of the input signal format. Following sections detail major advantages and features. Protocol agnosticism A major advantage to Digital Wrapper technology is its compatibility with all existing network communications protocols. For example in a digital wrapper-enabled network, optical channel overhead information is appended to the outside of an OC-48 SONET/SDH signal such that the OC- 48 client signal is always operating at its intended data rate 172 IIC-China/ESC-China 2002 Conference Proceedings

6 of 2.488Gbps.This holds true for any protocol that interfaces to the optical transport network. Another example is the Generic Framing Procedure(GFP) to adapt traffic from higher layer client signals over OTNs (Or even SONET/ SDH). Generic Framing Procedure(GFP) GFP defines a standard framing procedure for octet-aligned variable length payloads for mapping on to OTN OCh pay loads (or SDH/SONET payload envelops). The client signals may be PDU oriented (IP with PPP or Ethernet ), block code oriented (Fiber Connection or Fiber Channel) or a constant bit rate stream. Currently there are two modes - a PDU oriented adaptation mode (Frame-mapped GFP) and block code oriented adaptation mode ( transparent GFP ) - defined for GFP. The following figure illustrates GFP for OTNs and SONET/SDH. Figure 18. GFP framing procedure FEC advantages In contrast to the traditional BIP-8 error monitoring method used in SONET (B1,B2 bytes), systems that employ FEC can report detected error rates, giving service providers visibility to optical performance. With the B1 algorithm, the BER is the same BER that is reported to the network operator. With the FEC algorithm, the network operators have visibility to both the actual BER on the optical channel as well as the corrected BER that FEC provides. Error rates can be reported in SONET-like formats that are familiar to network operators such as errored seconds (ES), severely errored seconds (SES), severely errored framing seconds (SEFS),and unavailable seconds (UAS). Systems that intelligently combine FEC technology with these features enable service providers to guarantee, measure, and deliver differentiated performance levels for optical services. Enhanced optical network management functions Digital wrapper provides the robust management features necessary for high-bandwidth optical transport networks. TCM at the ODU Layer enables end-to-end optical channel monitoring and management, through several administrative domains or networks. Features such as general communication channels and trail trace identifiers can be used with traffic engineering protocols to enable rapid provisioning of optical channels. Optimal implementations An optimal Digital wrapper fully supports G.709 standards. The device allows a variety of traffic types such as SONET/ SDH, ATM, and IP to be mapped over the Optical Transport Networks. Figure 19. Zarlink s Digital Wrapper Application In order to provide a standard interface to a number of link layer devices, a digital wrapper requires industry standard interfaces. The System Packet Interface (SPI) which is defined by OIF( Optical Internetworking Forum) defines an interface between Physical layer device and the link layer device. This interface separates the synchronous PHY layer from the asynchronous packet layer, by allowing transmit and receive data transfers at rates independent of the actual line bit rate. SERDES Framer Interface (SFI) defines an electrical interface between a Framer and the high speed Parallel - to Serial and Serial to Parallel (SERDES) logic. Digital Wrapper may also include strong FECs (like BCH-20 ) for long haul transportation. These have a higher overhead of about 25%, but could be utilized in the IaDI interfaces defined in G.709. Some devices may also support Generic Framing Procedure protocol which adapts traffic from higher layer client signals over OTNs. Figure 18 shows the block architecture of an Optimal Digital Wrapper with SPI/SFI interfaces and the capability for GFP capability. Figure 20. An Optimal Digital Wrapper Conclusion SONET/SDH had been the back bones for high speed data transport. The DWDM technologies increased the capacity of traditional SONET links. To effectively manage optical channels in an all optical transport network, the Digital Wrapper technology is introduced. Optionally, using the forward error correction, Digital Wrapper can significantly enhance BER performance of the client signal. Digital wrapper is backward compatible with existing electrical and optical protocols. Any client signal can be transported optically over a digital wrapper-enabled network. With advanced, protocol independent implementations, Carriers can take advantage of digital wrappers to provide error monitoring, error correction, and protection for protocols and services. References 1. ITU-T Rec. G.872, Architecture of Optical Transport Networks. 2. ITU-T Rec. G.707 Network Node Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). IIC-China/ESC-China 2002 Conference Proceedings 173

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