Extend your DB2 purescale cluster to another city- Geographically Dispersed purescale Cluster
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1 Extend your DB2 purescale cluster to another city- Geographically Dispersed purescale Cluster Roy Cecil IBM Session Code: 5 16 April 2014, 16:00 Platform: LUW
2 2 Agenda Introduction Disaster Recovery & High Availability Key Concepts Geographically Dispersed purescale Cluster How to build?
3 3 Data Center
4 4 Business Continuity A disaster Recovery plan should be in place to help ensure business continuity!
5 Building a DR Site -Distance is the Key Campus ( 0-10 ) Km Fire Vandalism/Terrorism Power Outages Metro ( ) Km Global Flood Hurricane Earthquakes
6 6 DR Solutions in DB2 HADR Active/Passive HA & DR solution Available in purescale from version 10.1 FP2 Both Synchronous and asynchronous operation Standby is not contributing to transaction processing until there is a need to take over. Q-Rep/CDC Active/Active or Active/Passive. Can be unidirectional or Bidirectional In the event of a site failure there might be a need for a conflict resolution GDPC - Active/Active HA & DR Solution. Both side contribute to productive work on the cluster. No loss of transaction. Fairly quick recovery times from site failures.
7 7 Types of Standby in a DR solution. Cold Standby needs to be bootstrapped and periodically synced with the Active system. Eg. DB2 backup/restore. Warm Data is replicated to the standby but data replication is not synchronous. Eg. HADR in asynchronous mode. Hot -Data is replicated to the standby synchronously Eg. HADR in synchronous mode. Active-Active Both Primary and Secondary site processes data and changes are synchronously replicated bi-directionally.
8 8 Fault Tolerance High Availability ( HA ) The ability of a system to continue operating even in the event of single or multiple component failures. Achieved by eliminating Single Point of Failures ( SPOF) - Redundancy DB2 purescale is the Gold standard for HA.
9 DB2 purescale An overview CS 2nd-ary Clients Single Database View Member Member Member Member CS CS CS CS Cluster Interconnect CS Log Log Log Log Shared Storage Access Database Primary Clients connect anywhere, see single database Clients connect into any member Automatic load balancing and client reroute may change underlying physical member to which client is connected DB2 engine runs on several host computers Co-operate with each other to provide coherent access to the database from any member Integrated cluster services Failure detection, recovery automation, cluster file system In partnership with STG (GPFS,RSCT) and Tivoli (SA MP) Low latency, high speed interconnect Special optimizations provide significant advantages on RDMA-capable interconnects like Infiniband or 10G Ethernet. Cluster Caching Facility (CF) technology Efficient global locking and buffer management Synchronous duplexing to secondary ensures availability Data sharing architecture Shared access to database Members write to their own logs Logs accessible from another host (used during recovery)
10 Active Active Disaster Recovery via Stretch cluster. A stretch or Geographically Dispersed purescale Cluster ( GDPC ) spans two sites A & B at distances of tens of Kilometers. Goal : Provide active-active access to one or more shared databases across the cluster To provide a DR plan for many types of Disasters. DB2 purescale is the Gold standard for HA. Inspired by DB2 /z Geographically Dispersed parallel Sysplex. #IDUG 10 N km M1 M3 CFP CFS M2 M4 Site A Site B
11 11 Agenda Introduction Disaster Recovery & High Availability Key Concepts Geographically Dispersed purescale Cluster How to build?
12 12 Synchronous Vs Asynchronous replication db2sysc Log buffer commit returns Storage Primary Site Secondary Site Storage db2sysc
13 13 Synchronous Vs Asynchronous replication db2sysc Log buffer commit returns Storage Primary Site Secondary Site Storage db2sysc
14 14 GDPC Uses Synchronous GPFS Replication
15 Disk storage in GDPC Mbr Mbr Member Mbr Mbr Member GPFS Shared Storage (logical view) Log Log Database Log Log Physical Storage site 'A' GPFS replication between sites Physical Storage site 'B' GPFS replication coordinates synchronous writes across sites Any write to the cluster storage from either site is replicated to the storage at the other site All storage is connected to purescale hosts at both sites via zoned SANs GPFS daemons on each server write to both site replicas directly not by passing updated pages between GPFS daemons Replication of writes and site-to-site distance causes some increase in write times for both transaction logs and containers Reads are optimized to use the local copy for best performance
16 16 Design Goals RPO / RTO / Availability RPO ( Recovery Point Objective )-Maximum tolerable period within which data loss is acceptable to the business. RTO ( Recovery Time Objective ) The time in which the system availability must be restored after a disaster. Restor e/ Sync From Backu p Disaster Time Restor e/ Sync From Backu p Operational Window RPO RTO For GDPC RPO = 0 RTO <3 min
17 17 MTBF ( Mean Time Between Failure ) calculations Mean time between failures is related to the probability of failure by the formula 1 -e -t/mtbf where t = time period where the probability is computed If the MTBF of a switch ( For eg IBM BNT G8264 ) is 18 years, the probability that the switch will fail this year is only 5%. If you have two switches then the probability that one of the switch will fail this year is 10%. In the Event of a failure ( say because of a switch failure) lets say the outage of the purescale cluster is 30 seconds. The availability of our cluster because of an outage due to a switch failure this year is calculated as»contd..
18 18 MTBF ( Mean Time Between Failure ) calculations Availability = 100 -Probability of failure * Unavailability taking into account the outage due to failure Probability of failure = 1 -e -t/mtbf In our example Probability of switch failure = 1 e -1/18 = Unavailability taking into account the outage due to switch failure = ( 30s/ s * 100 * = % ) Availability = = %
19 19 Don't forget MTBF in your Availability Calculations!
20 20 Latency Vs Bandwidth Latency is the time taken for a message to be delivered from the primary site to the secondary site. Latency is a property of the medium. Bandwidth is the rate at which data can be transferred from the primary site to the secondary site.
21 21 Can't beat the speed of light!! The fastest we can send a piece of information is if we use photons to carry the message! The speed of light is a constant in a medium. ( * 10 8 meters per second in vacuum ) The latency of a light signal in vacuum is hence 3.3 μs per Km. The latency of light signal in fiber optic medium is 5μs per Km. ( 3.3 * refractive index of glass ) We have to live with this latency!!
22 22 Remote Direct Memory Access. ( RDMA ) User Buffer Process User Buffer Process User User Kernel Buffer Kernel Buffer NIC NIC Switched Fabric
23 23 10GE or Infiniband? OR 10 GE Network Infiniband Network DB2 purescale supports both 10GE & Infiniband GDPC can be deployed on both 10GE and Infiniband over WAN/dark-fiber Does it really matter much? -No!
24 Long Distance IB. Typical Infiniband connectivity reaches at most m Specialized cables allow up to a few hundred meters DB2/z GDPS achieves long distances with specialized HCA2-O LR optical coupling adapter + repeaters DB2 purescale GDPC uses IBTA-compliant range extenders For example, Obsidian Longbow extenders Used in pairs, appear in network as a 2-port IB switch Convert duplex IB traffic to dark fiber or 10 GE WAN traffic Other vendors in this space include Bay Microsystems & Mellanox Longbow C-103 Longbow E-100
25 Long Distance RoCE RoCE is compatible with 10GE WAN and hence would not require special range extenders like Infiniband. We would still require transceivers at both endpoints to be able to extend the reach of the RDMA traffic ( SFP LR or ER transceivers depending on the distance)
26 AIX or Linux? GDPC is supported on both AIX/Linux. Current support Matrix is purely based on customer demand Support Matrix as of DB2 LUW 10.5 FP3 AIX RHEL SLES 10GE Infiniband
27 27 You are in control! You have choice!
28 The 'sweet spot' of GDPC 40% Portion of UPDATE / INSERT / DELETE in workload 30% 20% 10% 0% Best candidate workloads / configurations for GDPC Better candidates for HADR,QRep, CDC or storage replication between sites 10km 20km 30km 40km 50km 60km Site-to-site distance
29 29 Dark Fiber or 10GE WAN? Dark fiber refers to unlit fiber that can be leased from an ISP and provides point-to-point connectivity between two sites. 10GE WAN can also be used to connect the two sites. Require sufficient bandwidth to carry 10GE traffic ( 10GE or IB QDR ) eg. OC-192 The exact bandwidth requirement for your installation can be measured by looking at the switch statistics.
30 30 SAN traffic Each site needs to have zoned access to the storage on the other site. SAN traffic can go on its own link or can be multiplexed into a single link using DWDM switches.
31 Improving Availability- Quorum Considerations. DB2 purescale is built on two clustering technologies. GPFS for storage TSA/RSCT to automate the resources in a purescale cluster. #IDUG Both of these clusters can be operated when there is a majority of nodes active in the cluster. If an equal number of nodes are distributed across two sites, then in the event of a failure there is a loss of quorum. Since a site outage brings a surviving site one vote shy of quorum a third node is added to ensure that single site outage still do not cause the surviving site to go down. This node is added in a third site ( Tiebreaker) and only require Ethernet connectivity 31
32 32 Tiebreaker site. Tiebreaker site do not run members or CF but is part of RSCT peer-domain and GPFS cluster. The tie-breaker hosts a storage with one disk per file-system to provide disk descriptor quorum to the GPFS replicated filesystem. If SCSI-3PR is not enabled ( ie. Fast fencing is not required) the tiebreaker site do not need direct access to disks of the other two sites. If SCSI-3PR is required, each site including the tie-breaker needs to have direct access to the disks on the other two sites. Tiebreaker site do not mount any of the filesystems.
33 33 Putting it all together!
34 Comparing single-site & GDPC configurations. Infiniband Infiniband switch Single-site purescale configuration Mbr 1 Ethernet Mbr 3 CF pri CF sec Mbr 2 Fiber Channel Mbr 4 Log Log Log Log GPFS Shared Storage (logical view) Database Physical Storage Infiniband + IPoIB N km Dark Fiber or WAN IB range extender GDPC purescale configuration Mbr 1 Ethernet Mbr 3 CF pri 3 rd Site tie-breaker Database CF sec GPFS Shared Storage (logical view) Log Log Log Log Mbr 2 Mbr 4 Fiber Channel Physical Storage site 'A' GPFS replication between sites Physical Storage site 'B'
35 Failure Detection Cluster Services ( TSA )- RSCT Heartbeats Single Node Multiple Node RSCT ( RMC framework ) Adapter Failures Storage Failures ( GPFS ) Inter Site Link / Longbow ( GPFS )
36 Target Scenario in the event of a site failure. Client Client Client Client Client Applications Application Application Application #IDUG Both sites are active and available during normal operation. In the event of failure, client connections are automatically redirected to the surviving site by Workload Balancing ( WLB ) and Automatic client Reroute ( ACR ) Applies to both individual members within site and total site failure Connections balanced with Workload Balancing N km M1 M3 CFP CFS M2 M4 Site A Site B
37 What do I need for a GDPC deployment? Existing dark fiber (DWDM) or WAN connection between sites A & B With required infrastructure (e.g. repeaters) for the distance involved A third tie-breaker site with Ethernet connectivity to sites A & B Enables automatic recovery from complete failure of either site One pair of Infiniband extenders or LR Trancievers SAN infrastructure to support GPFS replication between sites A & B All storage must be 'visible' at both sites for access in the event of site failure See GPFS redbook for additional details on GPFS replication Client connectivity to sites A & B Interested? Please contact go_db2@ca.ibm.com for more information on deployment and next steps.
38 More information about GDPC configurations & services 2Fcom.ibm.db2.luw.licensing.doc%2Fdoc%2Fc html Concepts Comparisons with single-site purescale cluster configurations Setup procedure
39 Questions? #IDUG
40 Roy Cecil IBM Session 5 Title Extend your DB2 purescale cluster to another city- Geographically Dispersed purescale Cluster Please fill out your session evaluation before leaving!
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