Access Network. Access network and access service. Access network. Access network - Architecture. Access network: local loop infrastructure
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1 Access Network Access network and access service Access network: local loop infrastructure It is the last mile of the network Connects the user with the first network POP Can use different technologies Access service: more complex concept connects to higher level services (Internet, VoD, etc.) may be layered (physical layer-data link layer) bundled with information service Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 2 Access network Access network - Architecture Service provider networks Gateways BRAS interconnection networks DSLAM access network End users BRAS: Broadband Remote Access Server DSLAM: Digital Serial Line Access Multiplexer Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 3 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 4
2 Architecture Access service Remote node NIU or Provider 1 Provider 2 Α is a customer of Provider 1 using access service S1 Hub Feeding network Remote node Remote node NIU NIU Distribution network Basic properties: Feeding network: broadcast - switched Distribution network: shared - dedicated Ν2 Ν1 S1 S2 A B Customer Α: buys (P1, S1) Provider P1: builds S1 buying services from Ν1,Ν2 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 5 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 6 Access networks go to broadband Technology Trends Local networks based on outdated principles are became a bottleneck, limiting subscriber s access to modern services. Key forces: New subscriber s requirements to providing new services New regulations Development of new services in voice, data and video information in interactive and broadcasting mode # WWW pages with powerful video information # Multimedia applications, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), Video-on-Demand (VoD), interactive TV Emergence of alternative operators in local networks, who compete with incumbent operators in provisioning a wide set of additional services Construction of high-speed core networks with a capacity of dozens and hundreds of Gbit/s Wireless Technologies Data communications exceed telephony Wireless/mobile subscribers exceed landline subscribers Broadband on Wireless Emergence of the Next Generation Networks Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 7 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 8
3 Service requirements to the access network Service Type Downstream Bandwidth Upstream Bandwidth Telephony Switched 4kHz 4kHz ISDN Switched 144kbps 144kbps Broadcast video Broadcast Analog or 6 Mbps 0 Interactive video Switched 6 Mbps Small Internet access Switched 1- Mbps Small initally Videoconferencing Switched 6 Mbps 6 Mbps Business services Switched Mbps Mbps Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 9 Wireless wired GSM PSTN GPRS ISDN UMTS ADSL Cable WLAN Fiber Comparison of download duration Byte bit/s 9,6 k 56 k 115 k 128 k 2 M 8 M 30 M 80 M 800 G 2,5 0,4 0,2 0,01 sec 1 30 sec sec sec ms ns MP3 or high resolution photo Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks min 3,5 min 12 sec 1 h video MPEG 4 in TV-Quality 3 k 3 M 300 M 42 min 20 days hours min 1 sec 30 sec 30 µsec 3 ms hours Live Video Codecs starting with 32 kbit/s Rates vs Distance Basic technologies Increasing loop length CPE Central Office DSLAM Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks Mb/s 7.5 Mb/s 5.5 Mb/s 3.5 Mb/s 1 Mb/s HFC SDV HDSL SDSL ISDN VBD SDH Coax & fiber twisted pair (copper) 100% optical fiber MetroEthernet ADSL VDSL MetroEthernet Satellite wireless transmission PON Emerging: Powerline, HomePNA MMDS, LMDS Cellular Free space opt WiFi (802.11) WiMax (802.16) Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 12
4 Twisted pair: xdsl xdsl xdsl modem Splitter Customer (home) DSLAM may belong to service provider, not to PSTN operator cooper Multiplexes many xdsl streams PSTN Switch DSLAM service network (Internet, VoD) Local switch premises (PSTN) xdsl data stream interconnection service downstream modem User Mbps VDSL RADSL Km upstream ADSL network ADSL: asymm. 8Mbps-2Mbps (<1.5km) ADSL lite: 1.5Mbps-0.5Mbps ADSL heavy: 8Mbps-1Mbps ADSL2: asymmetric, 12Mbps-1Mbps ADSL2+: asymm. 24Mbps-3.5Mbps HDSL: symmetric, 2Mbps (<4km) RADSL: rate-adaptive, 12-1 Mbps SHDSL: symmetric, 2.3Mbps (<3km) VDSL: 55Mbps-12Mbps (<0.3km) telephony ADSL khz Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 13 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 14 Access service - Bitstream versions Wireless access to Internet (first steps) The possibility to differentiate the service offered to the end user (and thus the extent to which value can be added by the new entrant) declines from Option 1 to 4. satellite downstream direct Head end Internet modem upstream Twisted pair Telephone switch Cellular: voiceband modems, 9.6kbps, CDPD = 19.2kbps Terrestrial broadcast: MMDS (wireless cable), 50km, 2GHz, 33 channels, 10(27)Mbps/ch LMDS: 28GHz, 5km, 2-way Satellite broadcast (DBS): down link 400kbps - 1Mbps, possibly bidirectional Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 15 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 16
5 Comparison of wireless technologies MMDS LMDS Wi-Fi WiMax UMTS Satellite Cost Medium Low Low Very Data Rates Very Very Very QoS Low? Security Low Medium Medium Medium License Required Yes No Yes/No Yes Yes Requirements LoS LoS Stands for Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Services (a.k.a. wireless cable network) Multichannel: multiple spectral bands, allocated in 6 MHz channels (10-27Mbps of shared capacity per channel) Multipoint: available bandwidth is shared among end-users Distribution Services: initially used as a cabletv substitute Low deployment cost and large area coverage are important factors for servicing rural areas Cell splitting increases capacity by reusing spectrum (scalability) equipment cost (both provider and end-user install an antenna) Several multiplexing options (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDM) Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 17 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 18 LMDS Wi-Fi (802.11) Stands for Local Multipoint Distribution Service (a.k.a. wireless fiber-optic network) Local: Cell range is 1-3 miles Multipoint:point-to-multipoint bidirectional connections point-to-point is also feasible Distribution Services: initially used as a cabletv/satelite substitute Spectrum in the 28-GHz and 31- GHz range er capacity than MMDS (Up to 155Mbps) Line-Of-Sight only operation Ability for cell splitting Internet/ Data NW PSTN An IEEE family of standards for Wireless LANs (WLANs). Usually used for: Sharing access to Internet Allowing mobility to workers Utilizes air frequencies for transmitting packets Unlicensed band (2.4GHz) Licensed band (5.4GHz) The selected band affects transmission rates and range Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 19 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 20
6 WiFi standards WiFi topologies b Theoretical rate: 11 Mbps Operates at 2.4 GHz WiFi cards are low-priced high adoption rate g Theoretical rate: 54 Mbps Operates at 2.4 GHz Compatible with b a Theoretical rate: 54 Mbps Operates at 5 GHz Low adoption rate i Improved security features (implemented on MAC layer) Infrastructure-based WLANs Access Point Ethe Ethe rnet rnet Meshed / Peer-to-peer WLAN Ad Hoc WLAN Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 21 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 22 WiFi cells Every access point creates a WiFi cell Channels range from 1 to 11 Coverage range depends on WiFi standard Users can roam between cells r will define the transition process of a mobile client as it moves between access points (promises 50ms delay during hand-off) Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks WiFi transmission using CSMA-CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance Air is free for DIFS time period send frame Receive ACK back that frame was received intact! (for all frames except from broadcast and multicast) source destination others DIFS < < data ack SIFS All other devices must defer while air is busy (using a binary backoff mechanism). Thus, latency increases! * SIFS - Short Inter-Frame Space (approx 28 µs) * DIFS - Distributed Inter-Frame Space (approx 128 µs) Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 24 > > NAV: defer access
7 WiFi Hotspots Private hotspots (intra-enterprise) Public hotspots at popular places (airports, cafes, ) as a charged service Free hotspots Open hotspots in neighbor Municipal wireless networks are operating in several places in Attica Syntagmatos square ( Piraeus Port Wi-Fi (info.yen.gr/info/page_en.php?id=1200) Wi-Max (802.16) An IEEE family of standards for creating Wide Area Networks (WANs) Operates in a wide frequency spectrum (2 ~ 66 GHz) Transmission can be: Point-to-point with Line-Of-Sight est data rate is 72 Mbps and maximum range is 50Km Transmission rate decreases as range increases Mainly used as backbone Point-to-multipoint without Line-Of-Sight End-user services Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 25 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 26 Wi-Max (sub)standards ΙΕΕΕ c sub-standard Frequency range is GHz with Line-Of-Sight restrictions Cell radius is 1-3 miles IEEE a sub-standard Frequency range is 2-11 GHz without Line-Of-Sight restrictions Cell radius is 3-5 miles IEEE d sub-standard Quality-of-Service enabled IEEE standard ΙΕΕΕ a+ΙΕΕΕ c+ΙΕΕΕ d IEEE e sub-standard With roaming support Cell radius is 1-3 miles A Wi-Max Scenario A Wi-Max Base Station is placed on a high building With wireless or wired connectivity to other BSs and the Internet Many end-users are serviced point-to-multipoint connection without Line-Of-Sight Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 27 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 28
8 Wi-Max transmission WiMax in Greece A Subscriber Station follows the Base Station instructions. BS allocates space for the SS in the uplink subframe. SS Requests service BS allocates the requested space for the SS (if available). Different QoS levels are possible SS uses allocated space to send data. Poll(UL-MAP) Alloc(UL-MAP) BS SS Request Data 4 licensed operators in Greece OTE Q-Telecom Europrom - Craig Wireless SMOLINE for M (July 06) WiMax slots in 3.5 GHz Spectrum (EETT) Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 29 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 30 Fiber networks Point-to-point fiber Fiber may be used in different parts of the access network Head end Local exchange Cabinet Curb Home NIU FTTEx fiber Copper One pair of optical fiber/ cable NIU FTTCab NIU FTTC/FTTB /NIU FTTB/FTTH Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 31 Other solution: SDH rings No sharing of optical fiber, optical technologies No power splitting, no synchronization of nodes Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 32
9 FTTC Passive Optical Network (PON) Not a shared infrastructure, TDM, fixed BW/NT 1400 channels available Optical Line Terminal - OLT Passive Optical Splitter Optical Network Unit - Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 33 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 34 Passive Optical Network (2) WDM PON Passive star coupler λ 1, λ2,, λ N λ 1 RN Splitter/ combiner WDM RN Splitter/ combiner λ 1, λ2,, λ N λ k Downstream: broadcast 12 n 1 Upstream: TDM, multiple access Receiver: N x data rate, sync 12 n 1 1 Receiver: sync No sharing Problem: power splitting Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 35 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 36
10 WDM Routing PON (WRPON) WRPON (2) RN λ 1 λ 0 RN λ 1 modulator WDM AWG combiner λ k λ 0 WDM AWG Receiver: sync problem Expensive: 2 s/ Cheaper solutions Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 37 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 38 Metro Ethernet Broadband over Powerline Transmitting Ethernet frames on a Wide Area Network As a retail service (i.e. for interconnecting LANs) As a wholesale service (interconnecting provider s POPs) Ability for point-to-point and multipoint-to-multipoint Ethernet Virtual Connections (usually with MPLS/GMPLS) Allows flexible bandwidth profiles As a retail service (i.e. for interconnecting LANs) Committed rate + Excess rate UNI CE Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 39 CE CE UNI Multipoint-to-Multipoint EVC UNI MEN E-LAN Service type UNI CE Power distribution network can be used for delivering broadband services Point-to-multi point Total rates up to 200Mbps (upstream & downstream) Symmetric and asymmetric rates Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 40
11 Cable networks Cable networks (2) downstream coax amplifier Head end Cable networks upstream downstream 6 MHz MHz 6 MHz video channel -> 30Mbps data Upstream: <10Mbps shared coax fibre optical-> electrical Head end HFC network video+data data d v Head end optical->electrical electrical ->optical Bi-directional HFC network Cable modem modem Cable modem coax Fiber node fibre upstream Twisted pair downstream coax Fiber fibre node upstream Head end Telephone switch Head end Internet Telephone switch Internet Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 41 Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 42 LMDS (2) Many multiplexing options (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA) Usually, TDMA for downstream and FDMA for upstream Example Total spectrum = 500 MHz, 250MHz upstream, downstream Upstream: 1 link = 5MHz = 7.5Mbps, 50 FDMA links Downstream: 375 Mbps Base station TDM FDMA 1 FDMA 2 FDMA k Station 1 Station 2 Station n Basic concepts and directions in telecommunications C. Courcoubetis access networks- 43
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