Introduction to OSPF. ISP Training Workshops
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1 Itroductio to OSPF ISP Traiig Workshops 1
2 OSPF p Ope Shortest Path First p Lik state or SPF techology p Developed by OSPF workig group of IETF (RFC 1247) p OSPFv2 stadard described i RFC2328 p Desiged for: TCP/IP eviromet Fast covergece Variable-legth subet masks Discotiguous subets Icremetal updates Route autheticatio p Rus o IP, Protocol 89 2
3 Lik State Q s Lik State Z Z s Lik State Q Y A B C Q Z X X s Lik State X Topology Iformatio is kept i a Database separate from the Routig Table 3
4 Lik State Routig p Neighbour discovery p Costructig a Lik State Packet (LSP) p Distribute the LSP (Lik State Aoucemet LSA) p Compute routes p O etwork failure New LSPs flooded All routers recompute routig table 4
5 Low Badwidth Utilisatio LSA X R1 LSA p Oly chages propagated p Uses multicast o multi-access broadcast etworks 5
6 Fast Covergece p Detectio Plus LSA/SPF Kow as the Dijkstra Algorithm Alterate Path R2 N1 R1 X R3 N2 Primary Path 6
7 Fast Covergece p Fidig a ew route LSA flooded throughout area Ackowledgemet based N1 LSA R1 X Topology database sychroised Each router derives routig table to destiatio etwork 7
8 OSPF Areas p Area is a group of cotiguous hosts ad etworks Reduces routig traffic p Per area topology database Ivisible outside the area p Backboe area MUST be cotiguous All other areas must be coected to the backboe R1 Area 2 Area 3 R8 Rc Rd Area 4 R6 Area 0 Backboe Area R7 R5 Area 1 Rb Ra R3 R4 R2 8
9 Virtual Liks betwee OSPF Areas p Virtual Lik is used whe it is ot possible to physically coect the area to the backboe p ISPs avoid desigs which require virtual liks Icreases complexity Decreases reliability ad scalability R8 Rc Rd Area 4 R6 Area 0 Backboe Area R7 R5 Area 1 Rb Ra R3 R4 9
10 Classificatio of Routers R1 IR R2 IR Area 2 Area 3 Rc Rb ABR/BR Area 0 ASBR To other AS R5 Rd R4 Ra IR/BR p Iteral Router (IR) p Area Border Router (ABR) p Backboe Router (BR) Area 1 R3 p Autoomous System Border Router (ASBR) 10
11 OSPF Route Types R1 IR R2 IR ASBR To other AS Area 2 Area 3 R5 Area 1 Rc Rd R3 ABR/BR R4 Area 0 Rb Ra p p p Itra-area Route all routes iside a area Iter-area Route routes advertised from oe area to aother by a Area Border Router Exteral Route routes imported ito OSPF from other protocol 11 or static routes
12 Exteral Routes p Prefixes which are redistributed ito OSPF from other protocols p Flooded ualtered throughout the AS Recommedatio: Avoid redistributio!! p OSPF supports two types of exteral metrics Type 1 exteral metrics Type 2 exteral metrics (Cisco IOS default) OSPF R2 Redistribute RIP EIGRP BGP Static Coected etc. 12
13 Exteral Routes p Type 1 exteral metric: metrics are added to the summarised iteral lik cost Cost = 10 R2 to N1 Exteral Cost = 1 R1 Cost = 8 R3 to N1 Exteral Cost = 2 Network N1 N1 Type Next Hop R2 R3 Selected Route 13
14 Exteral Routes p Type 2 exteral metric: metrics are compared without addig to the iteral lik cost Cost = 10 R2 to N1 Exteral Cost = 1 R1 Cost = 8 R3 to N1 Exteral Cost = 2 Network N1 N1 Type Next Hop R2 R3 Selected Route 14
15 Topology/Lik State Database p A router has a separate LS database for each area to which it belogs p All routers belogig to the same area have idetical database p SPF calculatio is performed separately for each area p LSA floodig is bouded by area p Recommedatio: Limit the umber of areas a router participates i!! 1 to 3 is fie (typical ISP desig) >3 ca overload the CPU depedig o the area topology complexity 15
16 The Hello Protocol p Resposible for establishig ad maitaiig eighbour relatioships p Elects desigated router o multi-access etworks Hello Hello Hello 16
17 The Hello Packet p Cotais: Router priority Hello iterval Router dead iterval Network mask List of eighbours DR ad BDR Optios: E-bit, MC-bit, (see A.2 of RFC2328) Hello Hello Hello 17
18 Desigated Router p There is ONE desigated router per multiaccess etwork Geerates etwork lik advertisemets Assists i database sychroizatio Desigated Router Backup Desigated Router Desigated Router Backup Desigated Router 18
19 Desigated Router by Priority p Cofigured priority (per iterface) ISPs cofigure high priority o the routers they wat as DR/BDR p Else determied by highest router ID Router ID is 32 bit iteger Derived from the loopback iterface address, if cofigured, otherwise the highest IP address R1 DR R2 R1 Router ID = R2 Router ID =
20 Neighbourig States p Full Routers are fully adjacet Databases sychroised Relatioship to DR ad BDR Full DR BDR 20
21 Neighbourig States p 2-way Router sees itself i other Hello packets DR selected from eighbours i state 2-way or greater 2-way DR BDR 21
22 Whe to Become Adjacet p Uderlyig etwork is poit to poit p Uderlyig etwork type is virtual lik p The router itself is the desigated router or the backup desigated router p The eighbourig router is the desigated router or the backup desigated router 22
23 LSAs Propagate Alog Adjacecies DR BDR p LSAs ackowledged alog adjacecies 23
24 Broadcast Networks p IP Multicast used for Sedig ad Receivig Updates All routers must accept packets set to AllSPFRouters ( ) All DR ad BDR routers must accept packets set to AllDRouters ( ) p Hello packets set to AllSPFRouters (Uicast o poit-to-poit ad virtual liks) 24
25 Routig Protocol Packets p Share a commo protocol header p Routig protocol packets are set with type of service (TOS) of 0 p Five types of OSPF routig protocol packets Hello packet type 1 Database descriptio packet type 2 Lik-state request packet type 3 Lik-state update packet type 4 Lik-state ackowledgemet packet type 5 25
26 Differet Types of LSAs p Six distict type of LSAs Type 1 : Router LSA Type 2 : Network LSA Type 3 & 4: Summary LSA Type 5 & 7: Exteral LSA (Type 7 is for NSSA) Type 6: Group membership LSA Type 9, 10 & 11: Opaque LSA (9: Lik-Local, 10: Area) 26
27 Router LSA (Type 1) p Describes the state ad cost of the router s liks to the area p All of the router s liks i a area must be described i a sigle LSA p Flooded throughout the particular area ad o more p Router idicates whether it is a ASBR, ABR, or ed poit of virtual lik 27
28 Network LSA (Type 2) p Geerated for every trasit broadcast ad NBMA etwork p Describes all the routers attached to the etwork p Oly the desigated router origiates this LSA p Flooded throughout the area ad o more 28
29 Summary LSA (Type 3 ad 4) p Describes the destiatio outside the area but still i the AS p Flooded throughout a sigle area p Origiated by a ABR p Oly iter-area routes are advertised ito the backboe p Type 4 is the iformatio about the ASBR 29
30 Exteral LSA (Type 5 ad 7) p Defies routes to destiatio exteral to the AS p Default route is also set as exteral p Two types of exteral LSA: E1: Cosider the total cost up to the exteral destiatio E2: Cosiders oly the cost of the outgoig iterface to the exteral destiatio p (Type 7 LSAs used to describe exteral LSA for oe specific OSPF area type) 30
31 Iter-Area Route Summarisatio p Prefix or all subets p Prefix or all etworks p Area rage commad R2 Backboe Area 0 With summarisatio Without summarisatio Network 1 Network 1.A 1.B 1.C Next Hop R1 Next Hop R1 R1 R1 (ABR) R1 Area 1 1.A 1.B 1.C 31
32 No Summarisatio p p Specific Lik LSA advertised out of each area Lik state chages propagated out of each area 1.A 1.B 1.C 1.D Area 0 2.A 2.B 2.C 2.D 3.A 3.B 3.C 3.D 1.A 1.B 3.A 3.B 1.C 1.D 2.A 2.B 3.C 3.D 2.C 2.D 32
33 With Summarisatio p p Oly summary LSA advertised out of each area Lik state chages do ot propagate out of the area 1 Area A 1.B 3.A 3.B 1.C 1.D 2.A 2.B 3.C 3.D 2.C 2.D 33
34 No Summarisatio p p Specific Lik LSA advertised i to each area Lik state chages propagated i to each area 2.A 2.B 2.C 2.D 3.A 3.B 3.C 3.D Area 0 1.A 1.B 1.C 1.D 3.A 3.B 3.C 3.D 1.A 1.B 1.C 1.D 2.A 2.B 2.C 2.D 1.A 1.B 3.A 3.B 1.C 1.D 2.A 2.B 3.C 3.D 2.C 2.D 34
35 With Summarisatio p p Oly summary lik LSA advertised i to each area Lik state chages do ot propagate i to each area 2 3 Area A 1.B 3.A 3.B 1.C 1.D 2.A 2.B 3.C 3.D 2.C 2.D 35
36 Types of Areas p Regular p Stub p Totally Stubby p Not-So-Stubby p Oly regular areas are useful for ISPs Other area types hadle redistributio of other routig protocols ito OSPF ISPs do t redistribute aythig ito OSPF p The ext slides describig the differet area types are provided for iformatio oly 36
37 Regular Area (Not a Stub) p From Area 1 s poit of view, summary etworks from other areas are ijected, as are exteral etworks such as X.1 X Area 0 X ASBR X.1 Exteral etworks 1 2 X.1 X.1 1.A 1.B X.1 3.A 3.B 1.C 1.D X.1 2.A 2.B 3.C 3.D 2.C 2.D 37
38 Normal Stub Area p p Summary etworks, default route ijected Commad is area x stub Default 2 3 Area 0 Default 1 3 ASBR X.1 Exteral etworks 1 2 Default X.1 1.A 1.B X.1 3.A 3.B 1.C 1.D X.1 2.A 2.B 3.C 3.D 2.C 2.D 38
39 Totally Stubby Area p p Oly a default route ijected Default path to closest area border router Commad is area x stub o-summary Totally Stubby Area Default Area 0 Default 1 3 ASBR X.1 Exteral etworks 1 2 Default X.1 1.A 1.B X.1 3.A 3.B 1.C 1.D X.1 2.A 2.B 3.C 3.D 2.C 2.D 39
40 Not-So-Stubby Area p p p Capable of importig routes i a limited fashio Type-7 LSA s carry exteral iformatio withi a NSSA NSSA Border routers traslate selected type-7 LSAs ito type-5 exteral etwork LSAs ASBR Not-So- Stubby Area Default Area 0 Default X X.1 Exteral etworks 1 2 Default X.2 X.2 X.1 1.A 1.B X.2 X.1 3.A 3.B X.2 Exteral etworks 1.C 1.D X.1 2.A 2.C 2.D 2.B 3.C 3.D 40
41 ISP Use of Areas p ISP etworks use: Backboe area Regular area p Backboe area No partitioig p Regular area Summarisatio of poit to poit lik addresses used withi areas Loopback addresses allowed out of regular areas without summarisatio (otherwise ibgp wo t work) 41
42 Addressig for Areas Area 0 etwork rage Area 1 etwork rage Area 2 etwork rage Area 3 etwork rage p Assig cotiguous rages of subets per area to facilitate summarisatio 42
43 Summary p Fudametals of Scalable OSPF Network Desig Area hierarchy DR/BDR selectio Cotiguous itra-area addressig Route summarisatio Ifrastructure prefixes oly 43
44 Itroductio to OSPF ISP Traiig Workshops 44
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