Utilization of Open-Source High Availability Middleware in Next Generation Telecom Services

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1 Utilization of Open-Source High Availability Middleware in Next Generation Telecom Services M. Zemljić, I. Skuliber, S. Dešić Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d., Zagreb, Croatia {marijan.zemljic, ivan.skuliber, Abstract: High availability is a renowned property of telecom systems. It is the ability to provide continuous and uninterrupted service regardless of hardware or software failures. Implementation of such property comes at great price in terms of time consumption and expenses. Nowadays such expensive practice is no longer acceptable and thus, we explored a possibility of using an open-source high availability solution for building of next generation telecom service. In this paper, we present a prototype system built using an open-source high availability solution, discuss the challenges we addressed and show relevant performance and availability characteristics. Keywords: High availability middleware, Diameter protocol 1. INTRODUCTION Highly available (HA) systems have always been the cornerstone of the telecommunication industry. Although there are many interpretations for high availability, the term basically refers to the ability of the system to provide continuous, uninterrupted service regardless of possible hardware or software failures. 1 Traditionally, network equipment and service providers have designed and built highly available systems using vertical industry model - they would use their own expertise and resources to build the whole system from ground up. This was a time consuming and, in turn, very expensive process. Intensive technology growth, which has facilitated a development of powerful new services, and ever-more demanding market has put telecom companies under great pressure to shorten their development cycles and launch new products onto the market at much faster rate and with reduced costs. However, accelerated development process tends to result in error-prone products which are unacceptable in telecom environment. Thus, providers must ensure that the delivered solutions maintain the accustomed, high level of service availability and dependability. Solution to these problems comes in a shift of a development process from vertical to horizontal industry model in which system developers can utilize 3 rd party commercial of-the-shelf building blocks (COTS) while building highly available deployment ready systems. This approach moves focus from high availability, which is no longer seen as a core value, to features that really differentiate companies from their competition new applications and services. This paradigm shift is facilitated by adoption of key standards that make clear distinction between functional This work was partially funded in the context of the Q-ImPrESS research project (FP ) by the European Union under the Information and Communication Technologies priority of the Seventh Research Framework Programme. layers of a highly available system: hardware, operating system, middleware and application services [1, 2]. Just as once specifications for hardware and OS layer have resulted in adoption of ATCA (Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture) and Carrier Grade Linux as industry standards, there is a clear intention to do the same with the middleware layer. The main driver behind the idea is the Service Availability Forum (SAF), a consortium of communication and computing companies whose primal role is the development of high availability and management software interface specifications. What adds to importance of SAF specifications is possibility for various independent software vendors and open-source projects to provide products that package key HA and management services, fostering an ecosystem of HA COTS building blocks. In addition to using standardized interfaces, utilization of existing open-source solutions and component based design, also initiatives in today s telecommunication industry, are helping to push time-to-market limit and reduce development costs even further. Although open-source HA software has been adopted in various IT domains for many years now, it only recently entered the telecom world. In this paper we propose a possible solution for building a next generation telecom service using open-source solutions such as OpenSAF (Open Service Availability Framework) for achieving a high level of service availability. Proposed solution is verified through implementation of laboratory prototype in which we extend legacy telecom system with a new service. In our case legacy system is AXE telephone exchange node [3] and the new service is Diameter stack [4], a well known and widely adopted authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) protocol for next generation network (NGN) infrastructures. Native implementation of Diameter stack on AXE node would be very complex, error-prone and time consuming process. In addition, AXE node was designed to fit specific service availability schema which is not suitable for today s IP based services. Thus, we bring Diameter-based AAA functionality to AXE node in the form of an external system. We observe the performance overhead of making the Diameter service highly available and calculate service availability by measuring service outage in failure situations. This interconnection between legacy system (AXE node) and non-legacy system (Diameter stack as a service), where it is necessary to maintain legacy system's performance and reliability, is the key difference in comparison to similar research projects where HA software is built anew [5, 6, 7] or completely encapsulates legacy systems [8]. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives a brief overview of the OpenSAF and comparison with

2 OpenSAF HA middleware HA Applications TELEPHONE EXCHANGE AAA REQUEST AAA RESPONSE HA DIAMETER SERVICE NODE DIAMETER DIAMETER NETWORK System Description SAF Services Message Distribution Service LEAP Carrier Grade OS Hardware Complementary Services Figure 1. OpenSAF software architecture other SAF based open-source HA solutions. Section 3 describes the prototype architecture and implementation in detail. Section 4 covers performance and service availability measurements. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper. 2. HIGH AVAILABILITY MIDDLEWARE OpenSAF is an open-source project devoted to implementing base platform HA middleware according to SAF s Application Interface Specification (AIS). The project is supported by the OpenSAF foundation, a consortium of leading ICT companies with interest in resolving common industry problems by collaboration on open-source project. OpenSAF architecture defines two types of nodes in the OpenSAF cluster - System controller node and Payload node. System controller node hosts the centralized functions of various OpenSAF services and serves as a management access point for the whole cluster. Payload nodes contain nodescoped functions of OpenSAF services and are mainly intended to host HA application components, although, applications could be configured to run on controller node also. OpenSAF code is written in C programming language and is available under LGPLv2.1 (The GNU Lesser General Public License). Functionality of the OpenSAF HA services is provided to applications as linkable libraries. Fig. 1 illustrates the integral components of the OpenSAF software architecture. LEAP (Layered Environment for Accelerated Portability) is an operating system abstraction that eases portability of the both OpenSAF and application services on different platforms. Message Distribution Service provides high-performance, reliable message distribution for threads/processes in distributed cluster environment. System description is an XML file which holds the hardware and software configuration of the cluster. Apart from OpenSAF, there are other open-source HA projects based on SA Forum APIs such as OpenHPI and OpenAIS. OpenHPI can be seen as a complementary project to OpenSAF. It is the implementation of the SA Forum s Hardware Platform Interface (HPI) specification which separates the underline hardware from the management Figure 2. Logical overview of the prototype middleware. OpenSAF provides HPI interface that integrates with OpenHPI. OpenAIS, on the other hand, has exactly the same goal as OpenSAF. Since it is an older project, it was a basis for several research projects involving SA Forum AIS specifications in the past [6, 7, 8]. However, OpenAIS project never received wide support from multiple telecom vendors as did OpenSAF. Although OpenAIS was good initial effort when SAF specifications were still immature, many implementation and integration problems diverted traditionally minded vendors from basing their solutions on OpenAIS [8]. Nowadays, the momentum is on the OpenSAF project as widespread vendor support assures the sufficient number of quality contributors, a basis for every open-source project success. This is especially noticeable in the rate at which two projects are evolving. Although several years younger project, OpenSAF came much further at implementing SAF specifications. In addition, OpenSAF is seen as more complete and appropriate solution for distributed clustered environments based on blade architectures which are more common in telecom environment. Aforementioned facts, along with better support for the developers in regards to documentation and sample applications, constitute the main reason why we chose OpenSAF implementation of SAF interfaces in our prototype. 3. PROTOTYPE ARHITECTURE & IMPLEMENTATION 3.1 Architecture Description The basic idea behind the prototype is illustrated in Fig. 2. Although some concerns regarding service availability are implemented in the Diameter protocol itself, this is far from a complete HA solution. The extended system must provide the same level of service availability as the proprietary legacy system. Therefore, we integrate Diameter functionality with OpenSAF HA services. Developing a highly available service requires careful planning and fault tolerant architecture. First step towards robust system is requirement specification. Here, we outline some basic HA requirements that new service must fulfill: service architecture should not allow any single point of failure, in failure situations all initiated sessions must be preserved and reestablished on standby nodes, failovers should be handled automatically and in realtime, all failovers should be transparent to end users, service should be scalable to allow upgrade as capacity requirements increase.

3 Server Cluster Load Balancer Client Cluster Load Balancer Diameter protocol Prototype architecture presented in Fig. 3 follows the aforementioned service requirements. On the bottom there is a basic call control and switching node realized by AXE telephone exchange. Above are the two OpenSAF based clusters of Diameter nodes. Each cluster hosts nodes with specific Diameter application logic. Thus, there is a client cluster which hosts the Diameter clients and a server cluster which hosts the Diameter servers. Client cluster which is connected with AXE node represents the extension which provides Diameter-based AAA service to existing telephone exchange system. It receives AAA requests from AXE node using proprietary TCP-based protocol and forwards them to server cluster using Diameter protocol. Requests are processed in the server cluster and corresponding answers are sent back to AXE node. To assure high performing and scalable service both clusters are accessed through their respective load balancer node. Client cluster load balancer is based on freely available Pen load balancer which is customized to meet service requirements. It is implemented as a stateful node which facilitates connections from multiple AXE nodes, thus, enabling one extension system to provide Diameter service to multiple telephone exchange systems. On the other hand server cluster load balancer is based on Diameter Relay function. Both load balancers distribute incoming requests equally among cluster nodes. All Diameter nodes are based on OpenDiameter, which is one of the most complete and stable open-source implementations of the Diameter protocol. Furthermore, it is written in C++ and therefore, could be seamlessly integrated with OpenSAF. 3.2 High Availability Implementation Proprietary AAA protocol AXE node Figure 3. Prototype architecture SERVER CLUSTER CLIENT CLUSTER Here we discuss some design challenges for making Diameter service highly available in the context of previously mentioned requirements. We use the guidelines provided in [7] and apply them on our case study. In addition we explain how utilization of the OpenSAF HA services helped us to overcome these challenges. As all HA systems are based on some sort of redundancy, first design challenge was the choice of appropriate redundancy model. We chose 2N redundancy for all system entities since it is the simplest redundancy model for implementation that fulfils our requirements. This redundancy model requires two nodes, one with active and another one with standby role. If active node fails, standby reclaims his role and continues to provide the service. Furthermore, it allows for scalable service as more nodes are added to the cluster as service requirements increase. Task of coordinating redundant resources within the cluster is completely under the control of SAF s Availability Management Framework (AMF), an integral part of OpenSAF Availability Service (AvSv), which supports all relevant redundancy models including 2N redundancy model. The second challenge was to maintain the single service access point (i.e. IP address) for the service users at all levels of the prototype architecture. When service fails, it is crucial to have mechanisms which ensure that a service access point remains the same after failover procedure is over (service transfer from active to standby node). Solution for this problem comes in a form of application specific virtual IP address which moves along with the application across the cluster nodes. This feature is provided by the OpenSAF Interface Service (IfSv) which automates the IP migration process in failure situations. With the basic requirements for the service availability addressed, the next challenge was to preserve the service continuity by synchronizing runtime information between active and standby nodes. Here two choices are available. The first is to perform synchronization on every request that comes in the system and the second is to synchronize information in predefined intervals. Although first approach has the drawback of superfluous communication which could ultimately have impact on performance, it leaves no possibility for data loss which is possible when synchronization is performed in intervals. Thus we chose the first approach. We identify two types of data that needs to be preserved in failure situations. The first one is the routing information on the client cluster load balancer and the second one is Diameter session information. Every AAA request that comes on load balancer has unique request ID which is stored in routing table and associated with referring AXE node and specific Diameter client. These routing table updates are serialized and transferred to standby nodes using Checkpoint Service (CPSv). The same applies to Diameter sessions. They are serialized on active Diameter nodes and transferred to standby nodes using CPSv. OpenSAF's CPSv provides extension of the SAF Checkpoint Service which enables standby nodes to be informed on every change of the checkpoint data. We use this feature to synchronize the state of active and standby Diameter nodes on every request. On call termination, entry is removed from routing table on both active and standby node using same approach.

4 Figure 4. Measurements deployment architecture The last design challenge was failover handling and fault management. Both of these issues are resolved with the help of AMF. Using health monitoring mechanisms AMF detects failure of every component in the cluster. When the failure of the active component happens, AMF notifies the standby component by calling its registered callback to initiate the failover procedure. Furthermore, AMF provides health-check mechanism which is used to handle faults. All applications that are registered with AMF start AMF initiated healthcheck. When some application fault occurs, heath-check fails and AMF starts the failover procedure. 4.1 Performance Analysis 4. MEASUREMENTS In order to examine the impact of applied HA mechanisms on Diameter service, it is necessary to evaluate the performance overhead of OpenSAF middleware utilization and to measure the delays introduced by synchronization of runtime information between active and standby nodes. In both cases, basic measurement scenario is the same. Incoming SIP calls generated in AXE node carry request for bandwidth allocation which needs to be authorized using the Diameter service. Call duration is simulated by three seconds of inactivity and then termination request is dispatched which ends the call and releases the engaged resources. Deployment architecture for the selected experiments is presented in Fig. 4 and includes one, two or four active and associated standby nodes per cluster. Cluster nodes are comprised of standard PCs equipped with Intel Core 2 Duo E6550 (2.33 GHz) processors, 2 GB of RAM and are running CentOS Linux operating system. In order to determine performance overhead of OpenSAF, we perform measurements similarly to Diameter performance measurements described in our related work where OpenSAF wasn't used [8]. We measure system's processing time for 50 to 250 concurrent SIP calls. The measurements are executed with and without use of OpenSAF and for one, two and four active nodes per cluster. Results are shown on Fig 5. In all cases of comparing processing times for system using and system not using OpenSAF, results show negligible performance overhead caused by OpenSAF. In absolute values, in some cases times are increased only by 0.1 second, while in most cases processing times differ less than 0.1 second. Additionally, when taken into consideration that for 150 concurrent SIP calls system processing time equals 12.5 seconds, the overhead of 0.1 is insignificant. In order to determine delays caused by synchronization of runtime information between active and standby nodes, we measure synchronization time period between active and standby cluster nodes for authorization and termination requests. Results are shown as the graph on Fig. 6. which represents the average value obtained on a sample of 50 calls. It should be noted that authorization requests are significantly larger than termination requests (580 and 31 bytes respectively). This is the reason why synchronization period for authorization requests is significantly larger (more than three times) in comparison to synchronization period for termination requests for each cluster node. Furthermore, while request serialization period differs from node to node depending on the amount of processing which node performs on the request, the time period of data transfer between active and standby nodes using CPSv doesn't change for different nodes and depends only on the size of the request. It is important to note that absolute values of synchronization time periods vary in the range of a few milliseconds, thus making small impact on system processing times which, for the single request, range between 40 and 80 milliseconds. Figure 5. Processing speed results with and without OpenSAF Figure 6. Synchronization period for cluster nodes

5 4.2 Service Availability In order to evaluate the OpenSAF failover management and gain an overview on the service availability it is necessary to measure failover period when application failure occurs. We chose a simple scenario in which we simulate Diameter client application crash by crashing the relevant process and measure the service transfer time. Deployment scenario for this experiment remains the same as for the performance measurements. Measurement results are shown in Fig. 7. for 20 experimental measurements sequentially grouped into groups of 5 measurements showing the average value of service outage. Measurements performed for "outof-the-box" OpenSAF settings are shown as the "3 ARP" line, while measurements performed for custom optimized OpenSAF settings are shown as the "1 ARP" line. When using "out-of-the-box" OpenSAF settings, service outage averages on 3 seconds. One second of that time is spent on IP address migration from failed to standby node. The other two seconds are spent on ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) address announcement which informs all neighboring nodes that a standby node has taken over failed node's IP address. The cause for the two second delay is found only after closer inspection of the IfSv. After installing virtual IP on the standby node, IfSv uses system call to broadcast three gratuitous ARP requests (ARP announcements) on local network to announce the IP address change. Since ARP requests are sent with one second interval, system call takes two seconds to complete. During that time application execution is blocked. However, since we use a dedicated LAN for clusters, we modified OpenSAF's IfSv to send only one gratuitous ARP request. Thus, in the case of 1 gratuitous ARP request, service outage averages at only one second. Both measurement cases show excellent results with regards to high availability. If noted absolute times are written as availability percentage, the results can be expressed as % availability (or "seven-nines" availability). However, this would imply a system running during a year with just one outage of 3 seconds. Our experiments are not designed to run for such prolonged time periods. Thus, we conclude that using OpenSAF as highavailability middleware is very promising and should be further investigated on a more complex system. 5. CONCLUSION In the paper we have outlined the key benefits of using standardized interfaces and open-source solutions in building HA systems and services. Furthermore, we proposed a possible solution for building a next generation telecom service using open-source implementation of the SA Forum s Application Interface Specifications - OpenSAF for achieving high level of service availability. In order to approve our choice for using OpenSAF and to verify our solution a laboratory prototype was built. Prototype consists of AXE telephone exchange node which is extended with new Diameter-based AAA functionality. To overcome the complexity of building a proprietary Diameter implementation inside the AXE node, new service was implemented as external system based on OpenDiameter, an open-source implementation of the Diameter protocol. Figure 7. Failover time for 3 ARP requests and 1 ARP request Service performance was observed to perceive the impact of applied HA mechanisms on service execution. Results of the experiments show that utilization of the OpenSAF middleware has negligible impact on service performance. Furthermore, service availability was analyzed by measuring service outage for simulated common real-world faults such as application crashes. Experimental results show small service outage times, in the range between one and three seconds. Because of these small outage times we can conclude that OpenSAF has high potential for use in building highlyavailable systems that demand large availability percentage (even in the order of "five-nines" and "six-nines"). REFERENCES [1] C. Trinitis, M. Walter, M. Leberecht, "Balanced High Availability in Layered Distributed Computing Systems", Proc. 14th Intl. Workshop on Database end Expert Systems Applications (DEXA '03), pp , [2] A. Kanso, M. Toeroe, A. Hamou-Lhadj, F. Khendek, "Generating AMF Configurations from Software Vendor Constraints and User Requirements", 2009 Intl. Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, pp , [3] "Automatic Cross-Connection Equipment (AXE) in Mobile Softswitch (MSS)", Ericsson, 2008, internal documentation [4] P. Calhoun et al, Diameter Base Protocol, IETF RFC 3588, September [5] C. Tsai, R. Jan, C. Chen, C. Huang, "Implementation of Highly Available OSPF Router on ATCA", Proc. 13th Pacific Rim Intl. Symposium on Dependable Computing, pp , [6] Y. Chen, C. Chen, C. Huang, "Experience in Developing a High Availability and Continuous TCP Using OpenAIS and TCPCP", Service Availability, vol. 4526/2007, Springer Berlin/Heideberg, pp , [7] A. Kamalvanshi, and T. Jokiaho, Using OpenAIS for Building Highly Available Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Registrar, Service Availability, vol. 4328/2006, Springer Berlin/Heideberg, pp , [8] A. Kövi, D. Varro, Z. Nemeth, "Making Legacy Services Highly Available with OpenAIS: An Experience Report", Service Availability, vol. 4328/2006, Springer Berlin/Heideberg, pp , [9] D. Matijašević, I.Gizdić, D. Huljenić, Mechanisms for Diameter Service Performance Enhancement, submitted for review at SoftCOM 2009.

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