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1 Fathur AB Afif A Hari A Gary A Dhika AB April AB Mulya AB Yusuf AB Anin A Rizka B Dion AB Siska AB Mirel AB Hani AB Airita AB

2 PSTN Extended Transmission Media Course Number : TTH2A3 CLO : 1 Week : 2 extended

3 Three main networks in PSTN 1. Backbone / Core network 2. Access Network / Local Loop 3. Interconnection Network Other Licensed Operator Access Network Interconnection Network Local Network Local Network Local Exchange Core Network Backbone Network

4 Topology

5 Comparison between Copper Fiber Radio Copper Fiber Optic Radio Speed Fastest Slowest Cost Highest Lowest Distance Nearest Farthest MTTF* Shortest Longest MTTR** Shortest Longest MTTI*** Longest Shortest Quality (S/N)**** Best Worst *MTTF = Mean Time To Failure (Longest = good) **MTTR = Mean Time To Recovery (Shortest = good) ***MTTI = Mean Time To Install (Shortest = good) ****S/N = Signal to Noise Ratio

6 Copper Wire 1. Always in pair, one for transmitting (Tx) and one for receiving (Rx) 2. Designed for transmitting analog voice (0 4 KHz) 3. Performance measured for attenuation (R) and phase shifting ( ) Tx Tx Rx Rx

7 Coaxial Wire Up to 2Gbps and 1km Wider bandwidth high frequency signal Example: antenna cable for television

8 Fiber Optic Wire Made from silica glass or plastic Low attenuation best for long distance connection Widest bandwidth best for multimedia services Transmitter may use Light Emitting Diodes (LED) or Injection Laser Diodes (ILD) Receiver my use PIN or Avalanche Photodiode

9 Radio SATELIT q h1 hc UPLINK DOWN LINK h2 hs Tx d 1 d2 Rx STASIUN BUMI TX STASIUN BUMI RX Factors to be considered: distance, weather, landscape/contour and channel capacity Type: Terrestrial and Satellite: LEO (Low Earth Orbit) MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) GEO (Geostationary Orbit) d

10 PSTN Extended Local Exchange Course Number : TTH2A3 CLO : 1 Week : 2 extended

11 Inside Local Exchange Subscriber Concentration Unit Group Switch Unit Telephone SLTU SUBS. LINE CONTR OLLER MUX SUBS CONS SWITCH BLOCK (SCSB) MF SIG TONE GROUP SWITCH BLOCK MF SIG CAS CCS analog trunk Digital trunk EXCHANGE CONTROL SYSTEM ANALOG LINE DIGITAL LINE CONTROL PATH OPERRATIONS COMMONDS TERMINAL Exchange Control System manages call establishment Switch Block connects subscribers Ringing Peripheral provides special information for signalling

12 Mesh Topology A E D B C All nodes connected to one another When S = number of nodes and N = number of connections, then: N Benefits: All nodes have the same priority Simpler switching mechanism Better fault tolerance Losses: 2 S S 1 5Nodes S S Inefficient (low utilization) Hard for interconnection N connections 2

13 Star Topology A Transit Exchange B All nodes connected to one main or tandem node T When S = number of nodes and N = number of connections, then D C N = S - 1 Benefits: Applicable for lower traffic High efficiency Losses: Fault in T means all connections will fault

14 Mesh + Star Topology T T T T E A B C D F G H Benefits: More efficient Low volume traffic going through T, while high volume traffic use direct connection Possibility to use alternate route Losses: More complex mechanism

15 Ring Topology A B All nodes connected max to 2 other nodes E D C When S = number of nodes and N = number of connections, then N = S When A sends information to C, B acts as a repeater Benefits: Easy to install and configure Easy to locate fault Losses: One node fail means all network fail as a solution use double ring topology Only one traffic allowed at one time

16 Bus Topology B D F A C E G One bus transmits everything (broadcast) Benefits: Easy to install Shorter wiring cable Losses: Inflexible (additional node create all changes) Fault intolerance (fault in bus makes network down)

17 Tree Topology Derived from star topology Tandem node acts as repeater uplink and downlink Central node acts as an active node, while other nodes act as passive nodes Benefits and losses follow the star topology

18 Hierarchy Topology Designed for a very wide area network International (Gateway) Exchange IX Takes longer time to establish call Inefficient network utilization, needs routing mechanism Tertiary Centre Secondary Centre T C S C T C S C Primary Centre P C P C Local Exchange L E L E

19 Next Evolution ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) IN (Intelligent Network) PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

20 See you on next class

Fathur AB Afif A Hari A Gary A Dhika AB April AB Mulya AB Yusuf AB Anin A Rizka B Dion AB Siska AB Mirel AB Hani AB Airita AB Public Switch Telephone Network The Access Course Number : TTH2A3 CLO : 1 Week

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