Internet Routers Past, Present and Future
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1 Internet Routers Past, Present and Future Nick McKeown Stanford University British Computer Society June 2006
2 Outline What is an Internet router? What limits performance: Memory access time The early days: Modified computers Programmable against uncertainty The middle years: Specialized for performance Needed new architectures, theory, and practice So how did we do? Now: Internet showing its age Simple model breaking down The future: Simplify (again) or move over
3 Ada Lovelace Ada Lovelace
4 Routers process heads Data Head Head
5 Definitions N 1 2 R N = number of linecards. Typically 8-32 per chassis R = line-rate. 1Gb/s, 2.5Gb/s, 10Gb/s, 40Gb/s, 100Gb/s Capacity of router = N x R
6 Data Header Internet Address 2. Age 3. Checksum to protect header
7 Lookup internet address Check and update age Check and update checksum
8 Barebones Router Router Control and Management
9 Barebones Router
10 Barebones Router
11 Bottlenecks Memory, memory, 1 2
12 DRAM as bottleneck DRAM then DRAM now d d Address Data Address Data DRAMs designed to maximize number of bytes d has stayed constant (yield) d determines access time (capacitance) Access time ( speed ) has stayed constant
13 Outline What is an Internet router? What limits performance: Memory access time The early days: Modified computers Programmable against uncertainty The middle years: Specialized for performance Needed new architectures, theory, and practice So how did we do? The present: Internet showing its age Simple model breaking down The future: Simplify or move over
14 Early days: Modified Computer Must run at rate N x R R R R R R R R R Bottlenecks
15 2 nd Generation Router R R R R
16 Early days: Modified Computer Function more important than speed 1993 (WWW) changed everything We badly needed Some new architecture Some theory Some practice Nick McKeown 2006
17 3 rd Generation Router: Switch N x R
18
19 1 x R Nick McKeown 2006 Arbiter
20 Arbiter Arbiter Arbiter Arbiter Arbiter Arbiter Arbiter Arbiter Nick McKeown 2006 Developed at Abrizio Inc. Arbiter
21 4 th Generation Router Multirack; optics inside Optical links 100s of metres Linecards Switch
22 More 4 th Generation Routers Alcatel 7670 RSP Juniper TX8/T640 TX8 Avici TSR Cisco CRS-1
23 Power consumption per chassis Power (kw)
24 5 th Generation routers? Load-balancing over passive optics
25 5 th Generation routers? Load-balancing over passive optics Zero-power Passive switching No No arbiter Optical Guaranteed Switch performance (AWGR) Electronic processing at at R Very Very scalable. Petabits?
26 Examples of Router Theory 1. There s something special about 2 2. Making fast queues 3. How big should the queue be?
27 Case 1: Placing calls Crosspoint switch Permutation A crosspoint switch supports all permutations So it is non-blocking But it needs N 2 crosspoints
28 1 Case 1: Placing Calls Uncertainty costs If I give you the permutation, you can route it. If I give you entries one at a time, you can t. Clos (1950s): But if you make it run 2 times faster you can route calls one at a time.
29 Case 2: Mimicking N x R
30 Case 2: Mimicking 1 x R
31 Are they equivalent? NR No. R
32 Case 2: Mimicking 1 x R? x R Nick McKeown 2006 Algorithm
33 Now are they equivalent? NR Yes, if it runs 2 times faster. R 2R Algorithm
34 Case 3: Are they equivalent? Yes, if it runs 2 times faster.
35 Case 4: Routing packets with uncertainty R Rates Nick McKeown Algorithm If you know the rates, you can find a sequence of permutations: = But we don t know the rates (they are always changing)
36 Case 4: Routing packets with uncertainty 2 If you choose the permutations one at a time, and you can spend as long as you want choosing, then you can support any pattern of rates. 3 But if you have to make decisions one at a time, then the switch has to run 2 times faster.
37 Case 5: Load-balancing Load-balancing to support all rate matrices: Requires the network to run 2 times faster Case 6: Local versus global decisions Local ( selfish ) routing decisions: Cost twice as much as global decisions Nick McKeown 2006
38 Examples of Router Theory 1. There s something special about 2 2. Making fast queues 3. How big should the queue be?
39 Fast Queues 1 DRAM Cheap and plentiful Too slow 2 SRAM Fast enough 50x as expensive Network industry buys over $500M of SRAMs per year. Computer industry has its own solution: Cache in SRAM, Store in DRAM But networking can t tolerate a miss-rate
40 Fast Queues 1 3 DRAM Speed=1 Fast as SRAM Big as DRAM Never misses Q Algorithm SRAM Speed=b SRAM SRAM size: size: QblnQ Nick McKeown 2006 Developed as Network Memory by Nemo Systems
41 Examples of Router Theory 1. There s something special about 2 2. Making fast queues 3. How big should the queue be?
42 How big should the queue be??
43 Packet delay = T? R Rule of thumb: Queue needs to hold 2T x R packets
44 How big should the queue be? The story so far # packets at 10Gb/s 1,000,000 10, T R 2T R O(20) n Where n = number of flows passing through router
45 Outline What is an Internet router? What limits performance: Memory access time The early days: Modified computers Programmable against uncertainty The middle years: Specialized for performance Needed new architectures, theory, and practice So how did we do? The present: Internet showing its age Simple model breaking down The future: Simplify or move over Nick McKeown 2006
46 What to expect Link speeds followed Moore s Law User demand doubled every year Router capacity limited by memory speed DRAM is no faster now than 10 years ago Routers should have fallen behind
47 Backbone router capacity Followed Moore s Law 1Tb/s 100Gb/s 10Gb/s 1Gb/s Router capacity per chassis doubled every 18 months
48 Outline What is an Internet router? What limits performance: Memory access time The early days: Modified computers Programmable against uncertainty The middle years: Specialized for performance Needed new architectures, theory, and practice So how did we do? The present: Internet showing its age Simple model breaking down The future: Simplify or move over
49 What s happened since End of the Internet end-to-end model + Uncertainty + Lack of competition Explosion of complexity in routers IPv6, multicast, ACLs, firewall, virtual routing, MPLS, Diffserv, IntServ, RSVP, ATM, IP Tunnels, IPSec, VPNs, Virtual routing, Calea, Power-hungry, expensive, unreliable
50 Packet processing gets harder Operations per arriving packet What What we d we d like like (more (more features) What What we we can can do do if if We re We re lucky lucky Line-rates Line-rates don t don t exceed exceed Moore s Moore s Law Law We We ignore ignore power power More More likely likely time
51 Outline What is an Internet router? What limits performance: Memory access time The early days: Modified computers Programmable against uncertainty The middle years: Specialized for performance Needed new architectures, theory, and practice So how did we do? The present: Internet showing its age Simple model breaking down The future: Simplify or move over
52 Prediction Increased need for dependability & reliability of the whole network
53 Unfashionable Predictions In 10 years, big routers will be much simpler Fewer features Much smaller queues (Prevailing wisdom is that they will become more complex with big queues)
54 Current network operators Grossly over-provisioned Hard to predict traffic now Harder to predict traffic growth Resilience against failure of routers and links Over-provision by 50% to protect against 2% failures Customers hate delay and delay variation Current usage less than 10% No network provider makes profit from public Internet service Subsidised by voice (especially mobile) and VPNs Nick McKeown 2006
55 Trends in networks Consolidation of (i.e. reduction in) number of network providers Does it converge on competition or monopoly? Emerging structure around population centres One regional centre per 5-10 million people UK: 5-10 centres USA: centres Increased meshing and load-balancing Nick McKeown 2006
56 Current Structure Nick McKeown 2006 Reproduced with permission of Bill Cheswick, Lumeta Inc
57 Emerging Structure
58 Can we exploit emerging structure and consolidation to make networks simpler, more dependable and even profitable?
59 Valiant Load-Balancing
60 Valiant Load-Balancing Operates over logical mesh of optical circuits Supports all traffic patterns No need to over-provision against uncertainty Resilient against failure Network can be designed for any amount of resilience Over-provision by 5% to provably protect against 5% failures (1:1 instead of 20:1) Simple Routing Cost Can be used close to 100% load Less expensive than today s network
61 Unfashionable Predictions In 10 years, we will be close to a monopoly. (Get over it) it) In 15 years, flow-by-flow load-balancing will be common.
62 What about optical routers? Prevailing wisdom A router must Process headers, 2. Switch packet-by-packet, and 3. Buffer packets during times of congestion. Optics suck at all three. Emerging possibilities 1. Process headers: Carry headers slower; process electronically. 2. Switch packets: Valiant Load Balancing means no packet-by-packet sw 3. Buffer packets: packets might be enough in the backbone Nick McKeown 2006 DARPA DOD-N Program (LASOR and IRIS Projects)
63 [Burmeister and Bowers, UCSB] Integrated optical buffers Think: packets on a chip
64 Unfashionable Predictions In 15 years, optical routers will be possible (Not ready to to predict that they will be necessary)
65 Unfashionable Predictions In 10 years, big routers will be much simpler Fewer features Much smaller queues and they will have to compete with optical dynamic circuit switches (DCS)
66 Structure of switching centers
67 Circuit switches control the topology SONET/SDH, DWDM Nick McKeown 2006
68 Conventional Wisdom Circuit switching finally eliminated?
69 Circuit Switches Advantages of circuit switches Well-suited to optics Circuit switches are simple Start with a packet switch and throw 90% of it away Higher capacity per unit volume Higher capacity per watt Lower cost per Gb/s No queues, no delay variation Disadvantages They are unfashionable
70 DCS: Capacity on demand between border routers
71
72 Unfashionable Predictions In 15 years, fast dynamic circuit switches will be common Will big routers be something of the past.?
73 Thank you!
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