S Optical Networks Course Lecture 7: Optical Network Design
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1 S Optical Networks Course Lecture 7: Optical Network Design Edward Mutafungwa Communications Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, P. O. Box 2300, FIN TKK, Finland Tel: , edward.mutafungwa@tkk.fi
2 Lecture Outline Introduction Network Elements Multiplexers/demultiplexers Regenerators Optical line terminals Optical switches and nodes Network design Resource allocation Design tools Conclusion April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 2 of 64
3 1. Introduction Last week Focus on client layer networks (SDH, IP, Ethernet etc.) Evolving to support multiservice provisioning The next two lectures focus on the optical layer Provide optical capacity for the client layer networks WDM (CWDM or DWDM) the underlying transmission technique April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 3 of 64
4 1. Introduction SDH/SONET dominates current backbone networks Stacked (multiple) SDH/SONET rings connecting same node set Typical backbone rates STM 16 (2.5 Gb/s) to STM 64 (10 Gb/s) April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 4 of 64
5 1. Introduction Multiple STM circuits provisioned Over different fibers Or over different wavelengths (WDM) within same fiber From Seattle To Seattle Wavelength Demultiplexe r IP Router Wavelength Multiplexer SDH ADM SDH ADM SDH ADM SDH DCS SDH ADM SDH ADM GbE E3 SDH ADM Wavelength Multiplexer ATM switch Wavelength Demultiplexe r To Los Angeles From Los Angeles Figure: Possible equipment at the San Francisco site (previous slide). Includes WDM equipment, routers, stacked up SDH ADMs, and DCS April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 5 of 64
6 1. Introduction Optical Layer WDM not just for boosting utilization of fiber capacity May also reduce dependency on SDH/SONET DWDM SDH Services Fiber Link STM-N STM-N FC, FICON, ESCON PDH, ATM Ethernet, IP/MPLS λ 3 STM-N April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 6 of 64
7 1. Introduction Optical WDM network with open interfaces simplifies direct access to fiber capacity sharing by different clients DWDM Services STM-N PDH, ATM Fiber Link IP/MPLS λ 3 Ethernet April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 7 of 64
8 1. Introduction WDM enables wavelength-based intelligent optical networking allowing operators to perform: Wavelength routing Wavelength re-routing to avoid failures, congestion etc. Wavelength monitoring and management Wavelength leasing or trading services Optical virtual private networks April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 8 of 64
9 1. Introduction SDH Digital Cross-Connect B Voice Switch ATM Switch Optical Node Optical connections PSTN Open Optical Interface Optical Network Fiber Link A IP Router Client Equipment/ Networks IP/ATM Network April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 9 of 64
10 2. WDM Network Elements WDM Networks constitutes various components or network elements Multiplexers/demultiplexers Regenerators (e.g. optical line amplifiers, transponders) Optical line terminals Optical nodes Optical add-drop multiplexers Optical crossconnects April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 10 of 64
11 2.1 Multiplexers/Demultiplexers Wavelength Multiplexer (MUX) combines multiple wavelengths into a single fiber λ 3 λ 4 Power λ 3 λ 4 MUX Power λ 3 λ 4 Wavelength λ 3 λ 4 λ 3 λ 4 Wavelength Example of a 4x1 MUX April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 11 of 64
12 2.1 Multiplexers/Demultiplexers Simple MUX can be implemented using a passive power combiners Input port 1 Input port 2 Output port Input port 3 Input port 4 Example: Implementing a 4x1 MUX using a 4x1 combiner April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 12 of 64
13 2.1 Multiplexers/Demultiplexers Wavelength Demultiplexer (DEMUX) separates different wavelengths coming from a single fiber λ 3 λ 4 Power λ 3 λ 4 Wavelength DEMUX λ 3 λ 4 λ 3 λ 4 Power Example of a 1x4 DEMUX λ 3 λ 4 Wavelength April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 13 of 64
14 2.1 Multiplexers/Demultiplexers Simple DEMUX implemented using a passive power splitters and optical band-pass filters (OBPF) OBPF Output port 1 Input port OBPF Output port 2 OBPF λ 3 Output port 3 OBPF λ 4 Output port 4 Example: implementing a 1x4 DEMUX using a 1x4 splitter and 4 OBPF April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 14 of 64
15 2.1 Multiplexers/Demultiplexers Wavelength band separation for separating different bands Power λ 3 λ 4 Wavelength Band DEMU X λ 3 λ 4 Power Example of a 2 wavelength band separator λ 3 λ 4 Wavelength April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 15 of 64
16 2.1 Multiplexers/Demultiplexers MUX and DEMUX could be integrated in same module 4-Channel Single Fiber CWDM Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Module 8-Channel CWDM Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Module April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 16 of 64
17 2.2 Regenerators Optical line amplifiers 1R (Re-amplifying) regenerator EDFAs deployed periodically over fiber link ( km intervals) Sometimes completed with fiber Raman amplifiers A single site may have multiple gain stages (EDFAs) Configuration duplicated in opposite direction April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 17 of 64
18 2.2 Regenerators Optical 3R regeneration (Re-amplify, Reshape, Retime) yet to reach commercial maturity Continued reliance on electronic regenerators box has electronic regenerator between O/E and E/O converters Or simply known as an OEO Also used for wavelength conversion and monitoring of signal quality (OEO) O/E Electronic 3R regeneration E/O April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 18 of 64
19 2.2 Regenerators Ideally transponders should be avoided in optical networks Only have a transparent all-optical network But accumulated signal impairments will limit range of the network April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 19 of 64
20 2.2 Regenerators s are a significant fraction of WDM network cost One required per wavelength channel per direction at a regeneration site -λ 4 DEMUX MUX -λ 4 λ 3 λ 4 Figure: Equipment at regeneration site (in one direction) April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 20 of 64
21 2.2 Regenerators Simple 3R transponders are fixed to a particular bit rate and client protocol (e.g. SDH, GbE, Fiber Channel, ESCON) Retiming (clock recovery) function difficult to implement for different bit rates Different transponders needed for different bit rates and client protocols SDH PTE GbE Switch Fiber Channel Switch 2.5 Gb/s 1 Gb/s 400 MB/s To WDM network April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 21 of 64
22 2.2 Regenerators Simplified transponders with only 2R (Reamplify and Reshape) functions may handle different rates April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 22 of 64
23 2.2 Regenerators Recently there has been significant developments increasing commercial availability of flexible transponders Programmable retiming enabling design of multirate transponders Rapid and cheap support of different client protocols by just swapping pluggable optics transievers in transponder cards Source: Endace SDH PTE GbE Switch Fiber Channel Switch 2.5 Gb/s 1 Gb/s 400 MB/s Pluggable Optics Pluggable Optics Pluggable Optics To WDM network April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 23 of 64
24 2.2 Regenerators Example: Cisco 2.5 Gbps Multirate Card Supports bit rates from 155 Mbit/s to 2.5 Gbit/s Support multiple client interfaces (by swapping SFP transceivers) SAN (ESCON, Fiber Channel, FICON) SDH (STM-1, STM-4 and STM-16) Gigabit Ethernet Video (HDTV, D1/SDI video, DV6000) DWDM grid-compliant output Works in both 2R and 3R modes Can add OTN G.709 FEC to improve range April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 24 of 64
25 2.3 Optical Line Terminals (OLTs) OLTs used at source and destination sites to originate and terminate WDM signals respectively May include transceivers for sending or retreiving the optical supervisory channel (OSC) signal s in OLTs adapt client protocol signals for the WDM network (according to ITU-T CWDM or DWDM wavelength grids) Optical Line Terminal (OLT) IP router None ITU λ ITU GbE Switch SDH PTE None ITU λ ITU λ 3 ITU ITU λ 3 WD M MUX WDM MUX/ DEMUX λ 3 TX RX λ OSC λ OSC April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 25 of 64
26 2.3 Optical Line Terminals (OLTs) OLTs enable point-to-point WDM link topologies IP router GbE Switch OLT Linear Topology OLT IP router GbE Switch April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 26 of 64
27 2.4 Optical Switches Enables switching of a signal in optical format Used in network routing nodes Also for protection switching after network failure 2x2 switch 2x2 switch (bar state) 2x2 switch (cross state) April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 27 of 64
28 2.4 Optical Switches Switching fabrics with large dimensions may be implemented by a network of smaller switching elements Example: A 16x16 switch implemented by 56 2x2 switching elements in a Beneš network arrangement April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 28 of 64
29 2.4 Optical Switches A diverse range of optical switches has been proposed *Source: A. Jajszczyk, Optical Switching and Networking Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 29 of 64
30 2.4 Optical Switches Input 1 V+ Output 1 Electrodes Input 2 Output 2 Example: A 2x2 electro-optic directional coupler switch. Switching by varying coupling ratio using an applied electric voltage. April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 30 of 64
31 2.4 Optical Switches A 2x2 Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) switch Magnified view of a 2D MEMS mirror array April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 31 of 64
32 2.4 Optical Switches Parameters of interest when selecting a switch Insertion loss optical power budget Crosstalk isolation crosstalk power penalties Polarization dependent loss optical power budget Power requirements powering costs Switching time or speed rapid reconfiguration Size or footprint shipping and rental costs Example specs: 1 db loss, 45 db crosstalk isolation Example specs: >7 db loss, 20 db crosstalk isolation 2x2 switch 16x16 Beneš switch April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 32 of 64
33 2.5 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers Optical add/drop multiplexers (OADM) are used to retrieve or insert wavelength channels at transit sites Enable optical linear add/drop and ring topologies λ W Drop OADM Add λ W Drop Add OADM Drop OADM Add Ring Topology OADM Drop Add Drop OADM Add OLT Drop OADM Add Drop Linear Topology OADM Add OLT April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 33 of 64
34 2.5 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers OADM provide cost-effective means for handling the majority pass-through or express traffic Significant reduction in number of require transponders Site A Site B Site C OLT OLT OLT OLT WDM MUX Fiber WDM DEMU X WDM MUX Fiber WDM DEMU X Drop/Add (a) Three node point-to-point WDM systems (before OADMs became available) Site A Site B Site C OLT OADM OLT WDM MUX Fiber WDM DEMU X Optical passthrough WDM MUX Fiber WDM DEMU X Drop/Add (b) Three node linear network using OADM at Site B April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 34 of 64
35 2.5 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers Attributes considered in selection of a particular OADM OADM size Total wavelength number supported Hitless (without taking down other channels) add/drop operation Modular architecture Enable pay as you grow OADM scaling with increasing traffic (wavelength channels) Optical physical layer impairments (losses, imperfect filtering etc.) Is it dependent on number of add/dropped channels? How many OADMs cascadable before 3R transponders are needed? Reconfigurability Add/drop configuration changed by remote software control Flexible networking planning and provisioning of connections Cost Power consumption, footprint, cost per wavelength April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 35 of 64
36 2.5 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers Fixed OADM architectures Permanently adds or drops particular wavelength channels Operator needs to plan ahead (e.g. have spare add/drop ports) and deploy appropriate equipment Types of fixed OADM architectures Parallel or serial Individual channel or wavelength band add/drop λ W WDM DEMU X λ W WDM MUX λ1 λ2 λw λ W WDM DEMU X Band 4 Band 3 Band 2 WDM MUX λ W Drop Add (a) Parallel Drop Add (b) Parallel Band Add/Drop April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 36 of 64
37 2.5 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers Serial fixed OADMs λ W λ W Drop Add (c) Serial using single channel OADMs in series λ W λ W Drop Add (d) Serial Band Add/drop April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 37 of 64
38 2.5 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers Reconfigurable OADM (ROADM) architectures Desired wavelengths to added or dropped selected on the fly (dynamically) Increased flexibility for operator in setting-up/breaking connections 2x2 Optical switch λ W WDM DEMUX WDM MUX λ W λ W (a) Partial tunable OADM using parallel architecture with 2x2 optical switches April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 38 of 64
39 2.5 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers Reconfigurable OADM (ROADM) architectures λ W WDM DEMUX Optical switch WDM MUX λ W Any λ Any λ Any λ Any λ (b) Fully tunable OADM using a large multiport optical switch λ W λ W Any λ Any λ Any λ (c) Fully tunable serial OADM using tunable single channel OADMs in series April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 39 of 64
40 2.6 Optical Cross-Connects Optical cross-connects (OXC) Direct a wavelength channel at an input fiber port to one of the two or more output fiber ports Add or drop wavelength channels locally Output Fiber Ports Output Fiber Ports Input Fiber Ports Input Fiber Ports = multiplexer = demultiplexer = switch An example OXC with 2 input and 2 output fibers implemented using two 2x2 switches (left) or one 4x4 switch. Each fiber carries 2 wavelength channels April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 40 of 64
41 2.6 Optical Cross-Connects Input Fibers λ 3 λ 4 λ 3 λ 4 WDM DEMUX WDM DEMUX λ 3 λ 4 λ 3 WDM MUX WDM MUX λ 4 λ 3 λ 4 λ 3 λ 4 Output Fibers The example OXC scaled to handle 4 wavelength channels on each fiber port April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 41 of 64
42 2.6 Optical Cross-Connects λ 3 WDM DEMUX λ 3 3 Optical 3 switches λ 3 WDM MUX Input Fibers λ 3 WDM DEMUX λ 3 WDM MUX λ 3 Output Fibers λ 3 WDM DEMUX λ 3 WDM MUX λ 3 The example OXC now scaled to handle 3 wavelength channels on each fiber port and an extra input/output fiber port April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 42 of 64
43 2.6 Optical Cross-Connects OXCs enable mesh topologies and optical ring interconnection OOXN OXC OADM OADM OADM Ring 1 Ring 2 OXC OADM OXN OXC OOXN OXC OOXN OXC OADM OADM OOXN OXC April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 43 of 64
44 2.6 Optical Cross-Connects Could use all-optical or electrical switch fabrics Electrical switching and transponders (OEOs) Mature technology Possible monitoring (e.g. BLER, Q-factor) and 3R regeneration Limited switching capacity becomes too complex and costly for switching 10s of Gbit/s Dependent on bit rate and client signal Large footprint and power consumption O/E/O O/E E/O O/E/O WDM DEMUX O/E/O O/E/O O/E O/E Electrical switch core E/O E/O O/E/O O/E/O WDM MUX O/E/O O/E E/O O/E/O (a) Opaque electrical switching core April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 44 of 64
45 2.6 Optical Cross-Connects All-optical switching Bit rate and client independent switches optical channels More scalable in capacity e.g. switching 2.5 Gb/s to 40 Gb/s for same cost/port Smaller footprint and power consumption New technology, no digital monitoring, only 1R regeneration (optical amplification) WDM DEMUX Optical switch core WDM MUX (b) All-optical optical switch connected directly to WDM MUX/DEMUX April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 45 of 64
46 2.6 Optical Cross-Connects Optical switching with OEOs Combine advantages of optical switching with the digital monitoring and regeneration capabilities of transponders Retain problems of reduced transparency, large footprint and power consumptions O/E/O O/E/O WDM DEMUX O/E/O O/E/O Optical switch core O/E/O O/E/O WDM MUX O/E/O O/E/O (c) Opaque optical switching core connected directly to transponders April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 46 of 64
47 3. WDM Network Design Optical layer (WDM network) design Realizing connections over physical fibers using WDM network elements (OADMs, OXCs, OLTs etc.) Lightpath an optical connection assigned a distinct wavelength over a span of fiber(s) ATM Switch SDH Digital Cross-Connect B Voice Switch Optical Node Optical connections PSTN Open Optical Interface Optical Network Fiber Link A IP Router Client Equipment/ Networks IP/ATM Network April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 47 of 64
48 3. WDM Network Design Physical topology Optical nodes and fiber topology supporting the creation of lightpaths Lightpath (logical or virtual) topology Topology seen by the client layer equipment (e.g. IP routers) Physical Topology B Lightpath Topology B A A C C D 4 D April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 48 of 64
49 3. WDM Network Design In practice WDM network design split into separate (manageable) design problems Less complex to solve A WDM network may be realized by solving: Physical topology design (PTD) problem Lightpath topology design (LTD) problem Routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem PTD problem solved initially during network construction and later when physically expanding the network The LTD and RWA are solved more frequently to enable optimum provisioning of optical capacity April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 49 of 64
50 3.1 Physical Topology Design (PTD) *Source:, Journal of lightwave Technology, Vol. 16, No. 11, Nov Solve PTD Problem Figure: Example solving of PTD problem to obtain Italian backbone April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 50 of 64
51 3.1 Physical Topology Design (PTD) PTD problem constituents Optimal node placement algorithms Optimal fiber placement algorithms Node placement algorithms constraints Cost of nodes and connecting the nodes Proximity to significant customer base Fiber placement algorithms constraints Cost of deploying or leasing fibers Length of link (fiber impairments increase, EDFAs/OEOs required etc.) Network availability or reliability (connectivity) *Source:, Journal of lightwave Technology, Vol. 16, No. 11, Nov April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 51 of 64
52 3.2 Lightpath Topology Design (LTD) LTD problem Interconnecting client layer equipment to realize a lightpath topology that meets client layer traffic requirements Routing client layer packets or TDM circuits over the lightpath topology LTD constraints Flow conservation (net flow of traffic in/out of nodes) Link capacity Node degree (number of in/output links) B B A C Solve LTD Problem A C 4 D D April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 52 of 64
53 3.3 Routing & Wavelength Assignment (RWA) RWA problem Given a physical network topology and a set of end-to- end lightpath requests determine route and wavelengths Routing sub-problem how to route a lightpath through various intermediate nodes within a network Wavelength assignment sub-problem how to assign wavelength channels to different lightpaths Possible lightpath request blocking (denial) if no free channels available B B A A D 3 C Solve RWA Problem λ D C April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 53 of 64
54 3.3 Routing & Wavelength Assignment (RWA) Constraints in routing sub-problem Route (fiber) length Accumulated fiber impairments (EDFAs, OEOs, FEC etc. required) Hop number (nodes passed) Accumulated crosstalk, insertion loss, polarization dependent loss etc. Node Node Node Add Source Drop Add Drop Add Drop 1 st Hop 2 nd Hop 3 rd Hop 4 th Hop 5 th Hop Destination Source Node Intermediate Nodes Destination Node = multiplexer = demultiplexer = space switch = fiber link April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 54 of 64
55 3.3 Routing & Wavelength Assignment (RWA) Constraints on wavelength sub-problem Number of wavelengths Only 18 channels available on CWDM wavelength grid <200 channels available on DWDM wavelength grid Wavelength continuity Same wavelength channel must be used between end-points Distinct wavelength assignment Wavelength only used by one lightpath on any link λ Figure: Example wavelength assignment for a 3 node linear network April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 55 of 64
56 3.3 Routing & Wavelength Assignment (RWA) RWA problem may be classified as static or dynamic Static RWA problem Entire set of connections (demand traffic matrix) known in advance Routing and wavelength assignment performed offline Possible over estimates in requirements idle capacity Node 1 Node 1 Node 3 Table: Example fixed demand traffic matrix showing the number of required lightpaths between nodes 1, 2 and 3 Node 1 Node 2 Node April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 56 of 64
57 3.3 Routing & Wavelength Assignment (RWA) Dynamic RWA problem Routing and wavelength assignment performed online Time varying demand matrix Lightpath established for each connection as it arrives and is released after some finite time efficient capacity utilization Connection request blocking is possible Node 1 Node 1 Node 3 Table: Example varying demand traffic matrix showing the number of required lightpaths between nodes 1, 2 and 3 Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 - Between 1-3 Between 2-7 Between Between 1-2 Between 2-7 Between April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 57 of 64
58 3.3 Routing & Wavelength Assignment (RWA) Performance comparison of dynamic RWA algorithms Plotting blocking probability versus offered traffic (incoming lightpath requests measured in Erlang) Figure: Example comparison of various wavelength assignment schemes for a single fiber network with 16 wavelengths Source: H. Zang et al, Optical Networks Magazine, January April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 58 of 64
59 3.3 Routing & Wavelength Assignment (RWA) Wavelength converters (WCs) Devices that change the wavelength of input signal to a different wavelength on the ITU grid Implemented using transponders (OEOs) or preferably all-optical WC technologies Has significant impact on RWA problem WC April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 59 of 64
60 3.3 Routing & Wavelength Assignment (RWA) WCs eliminate wavelength continuity constraints of the wavelength assignment sub-problem of RWA Increases wavelength channel reuse reduce number of required wavelengths Reduces probability of connection blocking λ 4 λ 3 λ Without wavelength conversion With wavelength conversion Figure: Example wavelength assignment for a 3 node linear point-to-point network, where 2 wavelength channels needed between node 1 and node 3. April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 60 of 64
61 3.3 Routing & Wavelength Assignment (RWA) Deployment of full WCs in all network nodes is costly and/or infeasible Output Fiber Ports Strategic placements of WCs in parts of network with heavy loads Sparse WC placement problem There has been many proposals for WC placement algorithms WC WC WC WC Input Fiber Ports Figure: 2x2 OXC fully equipped with WCs. April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 61 of 64
62 3.3 Routing & Wavelength Assignment (RWA) Alternatively deploy cheap but limited or fixed WCs Figure: Wavelength conversion classified according to flexibility of output wavelength April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 62 of 64
63 Conclusions Optical Networks Network elements Network design All-optical networks yet to make a significant commercial case Opaque segments will continue to exist for a while Long term network evolution will necessitate all-optical networking OADMs/ROADMs have had more commercial success than OXCs Next lecture System, test, measurement, simulation April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 63 of 64
64 Thank You!? April 2007 EMU/S /OpticalNetworkDesign/ Slide 64 of 64
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