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1 Wireless Networking

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8 WiFi Standards a 5GHz 54MB b 2.4 GHz 11MB g 2.4GHz 52MB n 2.4/5GHz 108MB

9 802.11b The b standard has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s, and uses the same media access method defined in the original standard b products appeared on the market in early 2000, since b is a direct extension of the modulation technique defined in the original standard. The dramatic increase in throughput of b (compared to the original standard) along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of b as the definitive wireless LAN technology. Devices using b experience interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band. Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors, cordless telephones, and some amateur radio equipment.

10 802.11a Since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded, using the relatively unused 5 GHz band gives a a significant advantage. However, this high carrier frequency also brings a disadvantage: the effective overall range of a is less than that of b/g. In theory, a signals are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path due to their smaller wavelength, and, as a result, cannot penetrate as far as those of b. In practice, b typically has a higher range at low speeds (802.11b will reduce speed to 5.5 Mbit/s or even 1 Mbit/s at low signal strengths) a also suffers from interference, but locally there may be fewer signals to interfere with, resulting in less interference and better throughput.

11 802.11g In June 2003, a third modulation standard was ratified: g. This works in the 2.4 GHz band (like b), but uses the same OFDM based transmission scheme as a. It operates at a maximum physical layer bit rate of 54 Mbit/s exclusive of forward error correction codes, or about 22 Mbit/s average throughput g hardware is fully backward compatible with b hardware, and therefore is encumbered with legacy issues that reduce throughput by ~21% when compared to a. The then-proposed g standard was rapidly adopted in the market starting in January 2003, well before ratification, due to the desire for higher data rates as well as to reductions in manufacturing costs. By summer 2003, most dual-band a/b products became dual-band/tri-mode, supporting a and b/g in a single mobile adapter card or access point. Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process; in an g network, however, activity of an b participant will reduce the data rate of the overall g network.

12 802.11n n is an amendment that improves upon the previous standards by adding multiple-input multiple-output antennas (MIMO) n operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the lesser-used 5 GHz bands. Support for 5 GHz bands is optional. It operates at a maximum net data rate from 54 Mbit/s to 600 Mbit/s. The IEEE has approved the amendment, and it was published in October Prior to the final ratification, enterprises were already migrating to n networks based on the Wi-Fi Alliance's certification of products conforming to a 2007 draft of the n proposal.

13 802.11ac IEEE ac-2013 is an amendment to IEEE , published in December 2013, that builds on n. Changes compared to n include wider channels (80 or 160 MHz versus 40 MHz) in the 5 GHz band, more spatial streams (up to eight versus four), higher-order modulation (up to 256-QAM vs. 64-QAM), and the addition of Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). As of October 2013, high-end implementations support 80 MHz channels, three spatial streams, and 256-QAM, yielding a data rate of up to Mbit/s per spatial stream, 1300 Mbit/s total, in 80 MHz channels in the 5 GHz band. Vendors have announced plans to release so-called "Wave 2" devices with support for 160 MHz channels, four spatial streams, and MU-MIMO in 2014 and 2015.

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21 Infrastructure Mode In the infrastructure mode, the wireless access point converts airwave data into wired Ethernet data, acting as a bridge between the wired LAN and wireless clients. Connecting multiple Access Points via a wired Ethernet backbone can further extend the wireless network coverage.

22 Ad Hoc Mode In an ad hoc network, computers are brought together as needed; thus, there is no structure or fixed points to the network - each node can generally communicate with any other node. There is no Access Point involved in this configuration. This mode enables you to quickly set up a small wireless workgroup and allows workgroup members to exchange data or share printers as supported by Microsoft networking in the various Windows operating systems. Some vendors also refer to ad hoc networking as peer-to-peer group networking.

23 Authentication and WEP The absence of a physical connection between nodes makes the wireless links vulnerable to eavesdropping and information theft. To provide a certain level of security, the IEEE standard has defined two types of authentication methods : 1 ) Open System Authentication 2 ) Shared Key Authentication With Open System authentication, a wireless PC can join any network and receive any messages that are not encrypted. With Shared Key authentication, only those PCs that possess the correct authentication key can join the network. By default, IEEE wireless devices operate in an Open System network.wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) data encryption is used when the wireless devices are configured to operate in Shared Key authentication mode. There are two shared key methods implemented in most commercially available products, 64-bit and 128-bit WEP data encryption.

24 WPA The Wi-Fi Alliance intended WPA as an intermediate measure to take the place of WEP pending the availability of the full IEEE i standard. WPA could be implemented through firmware upgrades on wireless network interface cards designed for WEP that began shipping as far back as However, since the changes required in the wireless access points (APs) were more extensive than those needed on the network cards, most pre-2003 APs could not be upgraded to support WPA. The WPA protocol implements much of the IEEE i standard. Specifically, the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) was adopted for WPA. WEP used a 40-bit or 104-bit encryption key that must be manually entered on wireless access points and devices and does not change. TKIP employs a per-packet key, meaning that it dynamically generates a new 128-bit key for each packet and thus prevents the types of attacks that compromised WEP. WPA also includes a message integrity check, which is designed to prevent an attacker from altering and resending data packets. This replaces the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) that was used by the WEP standard. CRC's main flaw was that it did not provide a sufficiently strong data integrity guarantee for the packets it handled. Well tested message authentication codes existed to solve these problems, but they required too much computation to be used on old network cards. WPA uses a message integrity check algorithm called Michael to verify the integrity of the packets. Michael is much stronger than a CRC, but not as strong as the algorithm used in WPA2. Researchers have since discovered a flaw in WPA that relied on older weaknesses in WEP and the limitations of Michael to retrieve the keystream from short packets to use for re-injection and spoofing.

25 WPA2 WPA2 has replaced WPA. WPA2, which requires testing and certification by the Wi-Fi Alliance, implements the mandatory elements of IEEE i. In particular, it includes mandatory support for CCMP, an AES-based encryption mode with strong security. Certification began in September, 2004; from March 13, 2006, WPA2 certification is mandatory for all new devices to bear the Wi-Fi trademark

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34 Security Issues Hardware authentication (stolen equipment) Can be hacked from miles away Once network access is gained, security can be compromised on servers Protocol weaknesses Denial of service attacks (deauth) Rogue access point

35 Youtube dg The WiFi Repeater E Cantenna v8dw0 Po

36 WiFi Hacking Hacking WEP Hacking WPA2 Create a Rogue AP Computer Hacks

37 Presentation on WiFi Attacks CD13I

IEEE Romel Rudyard J. Lucentales, ECE 5

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