Things You Can Do Today to Build a 5G Ready Network. Building the Mobile Edge

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1 Things You Can Do Today to Build a 5G Ready Network Building the Mobile Edge

2 Opinion Paper Things You Can Do Today to Build a 5G Ready Network Building the Mobile Edge Summary While 5G network standards are in process, there are practical steps service providers can take today to evolve network architectures to support the traffic and use cases anticipated by 5G standards, speed 5G roll out, and improve current network performance and efficiency. Origins of Today's Wireless Networks Today, 4G-LTE is prevalent in most urban areas globally, offering high speed data services with either VoLTE or legacy 3G-UMTS CSFB deployed to support voice services. These networks typically evolved from 2G GSM or CDMA networks deployed in the 1990 s. The network architecture for these macro-cell based cellular networks was originally designed to support the first wireless killer app : voice services. These networks provided subscribers with the opportunity to make and receive voice calls anywhere. As a result, the design of these networks was engineered to meet voice application requirements to ensure an acceptable QOE for subscribers and a voice experience similar to fixed wireline voice. One of the key voice QOE parameters is delay, or latency. To ensure that two parties have a good quality voice conversation, with one party not constantly talking over the other, an Ear to Mouth Delay (One Way Delay) of less than milliseconds is recommended for satisfactory voice quality, from ITU G.114. This latency parameter is used then to design the cellular network, such that RNC/NodeB/ subscribers are within a relative distance from the wireless core network elements handling voice calls, to avoid introducing excessive RAN related latency delays. As a result, cellular core networks were typically located in a centralized or regionalized location so that there was easy access to the PSTN to terminate these calls to wireline networks. All control plane and user plane traffic is routed back to a central/regional wireless core network where subscriber traffic is routed to its intended destination. Again, this is how 2G and 3G networks were originally designed. As more subscribers joined these networks, more cell carriers and cell sites were added to the RAN network to provide additional coverage and capacity. When high speed wireless data services were added (like LTE for example), new data nodes were added to the existing centralized / regionalized offices to enable these data services. More recently, many network operators have begun providing carrier and venue Wi-Fi services (with and without voice services) that may or may not be integrated into the mobile packet core networks. In some cases, operators have also deployed overlay cellular networks to support M2M applications, typically reusing the same network architecture. This is where wireless networks are today. 5G is on the Horizon Network operators today are planning for the networks of tomorrow. The networks of tomorrow will need to be able to support massive growth. Massive IOT and Enhanced Mobile Broadband Services will require massive connection capabilities, massive throughput and densification of wireless coverage using all available wireless access technologies. Traditionally, network infrastructure upgrades have been driven by demand for increased radio coverage or throughput capacity. 5G introduces a reduced latency requirement that will force network operators to move user plane resources closer to their subscribers. In some cases, 5G networks

3 2 address mission critical services like collision avoidance for connected cars and mobile health monitoring. In situations where safety represents the top priority, achieving round trip delays of 1-2 milliseconds on calls becomes the performance goal. Remember current cellular core and RAN networks were originally architected with milliseconds of round trip delay in mind. To complicate things, 5G is not the only new technology being introduced into the wireless networks. New technologies like NFV (Network Function Virtualization), SDN (Software Defined Networks) and C-RAN (Cloud based RAN) are being developed along with 5G related changes like Network slicing, Control and User Plane Separation (CUPS), DÉCOR, 5G NR (New Radio) all of which will alter the way we design wireless and wireline networks in the future. As the 5G standards are still being defined, it s not possible to deploy standards based 5G radio technology today. What is possible though is to study the 5G network requirements and begin planning how to evolve existing network architecture so that it is 5G Ready. Network operators need to review their current network architecture and evaluate their current network coverage with all their radio access technologies and understand the current capacity limitations of their mobile core and RAN networks. The majority of EPC network equipment deployed today is built on centralized monolithic legacy platforms that will not easily scale to support the requirements for massive growth driven by new 5G Use cases. New virtualized orchestrated NFV core network platforms will need to be studied and introduced. Understanding the gaps and limitations of existing wireless networks, is becoming a necessity as existing networks are enhanced in preparation for the 5G era. 5G Network Requirements Support for High Availability (99.999% up-time) Support for coverage everywhere Reduced network energy usage Support for low power M2M devices with extended battery life (up to ten-years) Why are these 5G Network requirements necessary? Widespread use of wireless enabled devices and sensors and related applications is driving expanded demand for all wireless access technologies, which will eventually also include 5G radios. 3GPP standards for 5G, partially derived from requirements from the Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Alliance, are also driving these new 5G requirements. Today s LTE networks cannot support all of the requirements listed above. An evolutionary change is required in how wireless networks are designed as the legacy wireless networks architecture in place today will struggle to manage the conflicting set of 5G requirements. An understanding of the 5G use cases that are driving these new network requirements is necessary before we can begin designing the mobile network of the future. 5G Use Cases Support for Massive Internet of Things (miot) Most operators have already deployed M2M integrated or standalone networks. The next evolution of IOT is massive IOT, where tens of thousands of devices are simultaneously connected in a single cell sector. Optimized RAN networks with Virtualized Core network elements will be required to support the Massive IOT use case, The base 5G network requirements are: Support for up to 10Gbps sessions in a live environment Support for 1 millisecond round trip delay for mission critical applications Support for denser wireless access usage, up to 1000x bandwidth per comparable area Support for up to 100x wireless attached end terminals

4 3 which introduces support for massive numbers of low cost - low power devices. These low power devices will be used for sensor based smart home and utility grid applications, handling low bandwidth best effort type data traffic. Other use case examples are: Alarm detector monitoring Consumer Wearables fitness monitoring Transit Service monitoring Inventory level monitoring Support for Critical Communications The Critical Communications use case requires support for delay sensitive applications that may also require high throughput. Critical Communications applications are mission critical and require reliable transport with low latency. Higher Data Rates Seamless Coverage New high bandwidth applications like: Virtual Reality Gaming Hologram Technology Higher User Mobility Higher Density HD Video Conferences and HD Video Surveillance HD Video Streaming will drive the need for high capacity high performance wireless networks with seamless user experience no matter what the access technology is providing the service. Consumers will have the perception that wireless coverage is virtually everywhere. Support for Network Operation Examples of Critical Communications are: Providing network connectivity for public safety / emergency personnel devices and their vehicles Connected Cities / Automated Utility Services Wireless Robotic Medical Services Remote Surgeries Industrial Automated Manufacturing Process Support for new Drone Applications Traffic Monitoring, Package Delivery, Remote Surveillance. Support for Enhanced Mobile Broadband Consumers are becoming accustomed to having access to wireless broadband wherever they are. Everyone is dependent on their mobile device for everyday applications like , texting, sharing media, getting directions and so on. This demand for mobile broadband has increased over time, and will continue in the future. As we move to 5G, new applications will drive the need for Enhanced Mobile Broadband. Optimized Network Operation is required to enable many of the new 5G use cases. To support new use cases where low latency or dense connectivity is required at the edge of the network, requires some traditional wireless core network functions to be located closer to the network edge. To enable this network evolution, new low cost hardware and scalable automated virtual network functions are required. In turn, this new architecture needs to be managed such that the network can automatically scale up and down based on the network load requirements. Network Slicing Flexible Functions Interworking Energy Saving. This new network architecture will provide: Security Support for Network Slicing network resources dedicated to a specific application Enhanced Network Migration capabilities Scalable Resource Utilization and Energy Efficient Flexible deployment models.

5 4 Support for Enhancement of Vehicle-to-Everything As cars become more sophisticated and autonomous driving on the horizon, today s wireless networks will need to be enhanced to provide the infrastructure required for these new applications. Autonomous vehicles will enable driverless vehicles, faster driving speeds and lower accident rates, but only if the following exist: 100% wireless coverage of all roadways Reliable wireless networks with very low latency High wireless bandwidth to support onboard traffic management & entertainment systems. One of the key decisions most network operators will have to evaluate is what aspects of the network are better served being centralized vs being distributed to the mobile edge of the network. Upgrade from M2M to IOT As 5G IOT standards get sorted out, there are three main cellular (licensed spectrum) related network options for supporting M2M/IOT services: Extended Coverage GSM for Internet of Things (EC- GSM-IoT), Long Term Evolution Machine Type Communications Category M1 Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) Mobile network operators (MNOs) are evaluating these options, that have been standardized in 3GPP Release 13, to understand which solution best suits their current network architecture and M2M needs. Of the three, Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) has gained a lot of interest from leading mobile network operators. NB-IoT benefits: Supporting mission critical applications and massive network deployments where virtually everything is wirelessly enabled, requires that current networks need to be carefully evolved in order to become 5G Ready. 5G Ready Network Architecture = Network Preparation for 5G A 5G Ready network architecture is an architecture that will sufficiently support the traffic and use cases expected when 5G is standardized and rolled out in the future. This means that new investments made today to roll out 5G ready network infrastructure are not wasted, and will speed up the roll out when standardized 5G is available. 5G ready architecture doesn t necessarily mean specialized equipment required for 5G, in many cases it s a network architecture shift that is required to support 5G in the future. deployable in-band using resource blocks within a normal LTE carrier, or in unused resource blocks within a LTE carrier s guard-band, or standalone in dedicated spectrum expected to have lowest power consumption when operating expected lowest component costs chipset expected to be cheaper due to simpler design requirements Deploying NB-IoT combined core elements at the mobile edge with a co-located analytics and API to monetize the data collected, will offer a dense intelligent mobile edge IOT solution. Densification and more Capacity at the Mobile Edge To support massive amounts of IOT devices, low latency 5G applications and new 5G Use cases, optimized use of all available access technologies will be necessary.

6 5 Additionally, traditional centralized gateway functions need to be migrated to the mobile edge of the network to reduce latency. Deploy High Density User Plane Gateways closer to subscribers (HNB/HeNB GW, PGW, epdg ) o Traffic destined to Cellular network is routed via EPC for billing and unified policy enforcement o Traffic destined to internet can be offloaded to internet (i.e. LIPA) if desired o Plan for Content to be distributed close to subscribers Densify multi-access radio technology (i.e. HetNet including future 5G) o Deploy additional 3G/4G Small Cells, Pico Cells and Wi-Fi Access points o Deploy a SON solution to help optimize RAN resource usage o Understand device connection managers to ensure they make optimal use of RAN resources and maintain sessions during handover Deploy Carrier Aggregation for Licensed spectrum Densification through Fixed and Wireless Convergence o Make use of existing fiber resources for fronthaul and backhaul where possible o Deploy 3G/4G and 5G radio access for last mile coverage o Deploy CRAN to optimize the existing RAN network. Secure the Mobile Edge As more functions are moved to the mobile edge, securing the edge of the network is a top priority. Deploy high density Security GW at mobile edge o Securing fronthaul and backhaul to macro, Pico and small cell sites o Securing connectivity to centralized or distributed core network functions o With more connectivity to small cells local content and interconnect to other operator RAN/Network sharing security will be important o Secure Interconnectivity to 3rd party infrastructure such as roaming partners o Provide Firewall and IPsec security enterprise connectivity o Secure Public Safety and provide Lawful Intercept (LI) connectivity o Distributed Security GW solution for other future 5G Use cases (Secure Xhaul). Low Latency Mobile Edge The current 2G, 3G and 4G networks will likely continue to exist and they will support applications that best fit those networks. The inherent latency of having a centralized core network and macro cells backhauled many kilometers make these architectures unsuitable for 5G. The only way to ensure very low latency is to move at a minimum, the user plane core network elements closer to the end user, in a distributed fashion. Mobile Edge distribution provides the capability to have wireless gateways at the edge of the network as required. The control plane elements can continue to be centralized if desired as they do not impact the latency of an existing data flow. Deploying content servers in-conjunction with mobile edge computing systems at the edge of the network is one way to move towards reducing content delivery latency while improving mobile connectivity densification. Use Case Driven Gateways at the Mobile Edge In order to support low latency applications, data plane related gateways which traditionally were centrally located in the core network will have to be distributed and located closer to the end users. Trusted and Untrusted Wi-Fi gateways supporting Wi-Fi Traffic S/P-GW providing access to the Mobility Core network (S5/S8/S2a/S2b) and local internet access (SGi) HeNB / HNB GW interconnecting 3G and 4G small cells

7 6 SeGW securing all traffic at the mobile edge (Firewall and IPsec) Small scale Private EPC networks for Enterprises or Public Safety use case, Take Advantage of Existing Fiber Transport where available at the Mobile Edge With the number of small cells growing, the challenge becomes how to cost effectively provide backhaul to these locations. Network operators with existing fiber capabilities in place in these locations will have a definite advantage. Cable operators for example that are deploying Remote PHY Distributed access points as part of the fiber deep networks should consider using this fiber infrastructure for deploying 4G small cells, Pico cells and 5G radio sites. As network operators deploy more and more radio resources (small cells, Pico cells and Wi-Fi) there will be significant implications for OPEX on backhaul and power, since each cell or hotspot must be powered and all of the additional traffic being generated must be backhauled. Future proof by deploying virtual solutions Network Operators will need to start reviewing their existing network elements to understand their current capacity and also review their network architecture plans for future years. Future network infrastructure builds are moving to SDN/NFV to provide flexible, scalable distributed networks. The move from legacy monolithic chassis based networks to virtualized solutions requires a change in mindset. Network operators will need to study the different compute and storage options available and investigate NFV options, hypervisor options and orchestration solutions for the future network. This is a process that will take time. Operators should begin evaluating virtualized solutions for their network and new additions and upgrades should be virtualized. Summary Some network operators see 5G as a radio technology that will only be deployed 2-3 years from now. While it s true that the 5G radio specifications will take time to emerge from standards bodies, the network architecture required to support 5G use cases needs to begin to be deployed today. Network operators can begin to gradually migrate their existing cellular networks by: Densifying the RAN network by deploying additional small cells, Pico Cells and WiFi access points. o higher session capacity o increased throughput capacity o increased coverage o SON for RAN optimization o C-RAN for more efficient RAN architecture Converging any available wireline and wireless fiber transport links o Provides multi-radio access (including 5G) backhaul, fronthaul, Xhaul Deploying high capacity security gateways at the mobile edge for supporting dense small cell and Wi-Fi clusters o Secure connectivity Deploying HNB GW, HeNB GW, S/P-GW, Trusted and Untrusted Wi-Fi Gateways closer to subscribers at the mobile edge o Lower User plane latency Investing in virtual solutions for new infrastructure purchases (NFV/SDN) so that the equipment will be ready for new scalable 5G use cases. o Futureproofing Training staff on all of the above o Skilled staff in place Focusing on the above areas today will ensure that network operators are ready for the 5G tsunami of new use cases and associated sessions and traffic.

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