4. B2C,B2E Systems: Concepts and Architectures
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1 4. B2C,B2E Systems: Concepts and Architectures 4.1 Business-to-Consumer Systems Architectures and Components Shop Functionalities, Selected Components 4.2 Electronic Fulfillment & Payment Secure Communication, Security and Trust Encryption: Standards, Authentication: Digital Signatures, Certification Authorities Electronic Payment Models, Standards and Systems 4.3 Mobile E-Commerce and Location-Based Services 4-1
2 Mobile E-Commerce What is Mobile E-Commerce (MEC)? Definition Mobile E-Commerce (MEC) is defined as any type of transaction of an economic value conducted through a mobile terminal that uses telecommunications network for communication with the e-commerce infrastructure. 4-2 Aphrodite Tsalgatidou Department of Informatics and Telecommunications
3 Mobile Terminals Four categories (based on processor, memory, battery capacity, application capabilities (SMS,WAP,Web), physical size and weight): Usual voice handsets with SMS capability WAP phones (see below) Communicators/PDA+wireless communication capability Laptops with wireless communication facilities 4-3
4 Characteristics Small screens, small and multifunction keypads -> require appropriate interfaces, different than the PC or laptop Less resources: memory, disk capacity, computational power Their operation relies on finite energy provided by batteries More vulnerable: easier to be stolen, damaged or lost -> higher risks to data stored and transactions performed 4-4 Aphrodite Tsalgatidou Department of Informatics and Telecommunications
5 Standards for Global Wireless Networks GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS 4-5
6 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Frequency: 900 or 1800 or 1900 MHz 1900 used in the US (usually supporting also the other frequencies with so-called tri-band phone technology) Bandwidth: 9,6 kbits/s Transmission of speech data for mobile phones Suitable also for data transmission of any kind Connection-oriented transmission (more expensive, 'dial in' functionality) 4-6
7 High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HS-CSD) Bundle of multiple GSM channels Bandwidth: up to 57,6 kbits/s Data transmission with exclusive channels for a user Payment w.r.t. time of use 4-7
8 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Exploitation of GSM channels Bandwidth: 53,6 kbits/s (in Coding Scheme 2) Packet-oriented data transmission, multiple users Payment for volume ('always on' functionality) 4-8
9 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) Frequency: MHz Bandwidth: up to 2 mbits/s (only in urban regions) Packet-oriented data transmission 4-9
10 Standards for Local Wireless Networks IEEE (laptops) o10 Mbits/s Bluetooth (mobile phones, cameras, PDAs) o Dynamic configuration o Spontaneous networking 4-10
11 The Wireless World Today i-mode: 60% of the world's wireless internet users WAP: 39% of the world's wireless internet users Palm: 1% of the world's wireless internet users 4-11
12 WAP WAP Forum alliance of carriers & handset manufacturers, promising uniformity of deployment WML Derived from Phone.com s HDML WML is an XML language WAP incorporates its own scripting language and security stack Optimized for network constraints WAP in USA & Europe is far more limited than WAP in Japan 4-12
13 The WAP Idea MSC Message Center Servers SMTP TCP/IP Web Servers Wireless Network WAP Server Suite Intranet/ Internet HTML HTTP TCP/IP Micro Browser Acknowledgement: Unwired Planet 4-13
14 WAP Infrastructure WTA = Wireless Telephony Application 4-14
15 WAP Infrastructure Filter HTML/ WML WML WML Wireless Network Server WAP Proxy Binary WML WML Web Server WML Binary WML WTA Server Micro Browser 4-15
16 WAP Architecture 4-16
17 Protocol Translation Wireless Network Internet Service Request Browser URL WSP WTP WTLS WDP URL WSP WTP WTLS WDP Gateway A G E N T URL HTTP(s) SSL/TLS TCP IP Web Server URL HTTP(s) SSL/TLS TCP IP Service Response WMLc WSP WTP WTLS WDP WMLc WSP WTP WTLS WDP A G E N T HTML/WML HTTP(s) SSL/TLS TCP IP HTML/WML HTTP(s) SSL/TLS TCP IP Acknowledgement: Unwired Planet 4-17
18 How does WAP work? WAP will let me surf the web WTP CSD WAP Gateway Server HTTP Web Server SMS GPRS UMTS Content Store 4-18
19 Comparing WAP and I-Mode 4-19
20 Second Generation Wireless Networks o WML replaced by XHTML, which is a new, stricter and cleaner version of HTML 4-20
21 i-mode A presentation language, a protocol, and a carrier all in one NTT has a near monopoly Packet Network 9.6kbs [64-384kbs begin 10/01], always on Devices are RIGIDLY enforced to i-mode specs o NTT sets the standards, the handset manufacturers comply o Guaranteed 16 chars [8 double-byte chars] by 6 lines Phones have an IP stack, and most offer SSL / TLS support 4-21
22 J2ME Á J2SE Á J2EE The smallest of the Java continuum Targeting mobile devices, runtime of equivalent size to WAP 2.0 / imode 3.0 browser stacks MIDlets installed via a Palm-like synchronization o Over the air install in October - Nextel MIDlets offer persistence, offline use Licensing of J2ME requires passing compatibility test suite (Motorola, Nokia, RIM, etc.) Watch Nextel, Cingular, and Sprint 4-22
23 Example Services Internet e-commerce services using a mobile terminal. They utilise WAP or I-Mode Examples: o Information o Banking o Retailing o Travel o Entertaintment o Payment Mobile e-commerce services without the need of an IP network. They utilise location-based service technology, Bluetooth,... Ticketing Payment o On line electronic money o Transferable electronic values Location-Based Services 4-23 Aphrodite Tsalgatidou Department of Informatics and Telecommunications
24 Location-Based Services (LBS) Information services, e.g. give me list of nearby petrol stations Functional services, e.g. order a taxi Location-aware services (push type of services) Searching services Tracking services 4-24 Aphrodite Tsalgatidou Department of Informatics and Telecommunications
25 Requirements for LBS Geographical Information Services Security and Privacy Requirements o Authorization, authenticaction, non-repudation, integrity, confidentiality Global Infrastructure Requirements o Global coordinate reference system (e.g. WGS-84) o Globally unique ids for the terminals (e.g. phone # or IP#) and users (private key) o Location service that returns the location of the terminal in global coordinate reference system coordinates whenever and where ever the terminal is o Mapping mechanism that finds the appropriate location service directory server whenever global coordinates of the terminal are fed in 4-25
26 The Application Scenario 4-26
27 Positioning Outside of Buildings GPS: Global Positioning System (satellite-based) 4-27
28 GPS / Galileo Idea: Measure signal transmission times Satellites' height: 20200km Signal sent by satellites contains position data and time point Signal spreading times in aerial medium known 4-28
29 Problems Clock deviation Rounding errors Selective availlability Satellite geometry Satellite orbit Reflection effects Structure of the atmosphere 4-29
30 Correction of Clock Deviations 4-30
31 Satellite geometry (good) 4-31
32 Satellite geometry (bad) 4-32
33 Reflection effects 4-33
34 Structure of the Atmosphere 4-34
35 Differential GPS (D-GPS) 4-35
36 Network-based Positioning Cell-of-Origin (COO) Cell Global Identity Timing Advance (CGI-TA) (more exact) 4-36
37 Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD) 4-37
38 Positioning Inside (and Outside) Buildings Easy: Use coodinates of IEEE wireless access point (AP) 4-38
39 Geography Matters What do we mean by SPATIAL? Linking location to information Estimates say: 80% of all data contains a spatial component Scenarios o Store chain management Where are my potential customers? Where are my competitors? o Crime analysis Where are the crimes occurring and why THERE? o Emergency response What parcels are located in potential flood zones? 4-39 Middle
40 What is GIS? Many definitions... o Smart maps o A way to link databases to maps o A tool for analyzing data by location Database: ID 1 CITY_NAME POP 1990 San Francisco Map: Spatial presentation 4-40
41 The Spatial Data Model Layers of data overlay themselves in a Map Layers of data are integrated from differing Layer sources Distributed GIS: Layer sources come from (served from) different locations, across different platforms Layers contain features : georeferenced geometry Layers of data, combined into a map, model the real world 4-41
42 Enterprise GIS Promotes data sharing and integration o Enterprise and local sources come together Mapping Services RDBMS Map Local files/images 4-42
43 Information Flow: The Simple Syntactic View 4-43 Aphrodite Tsalgatidou Department of Informatics and Telecommunications
44 ECommerce Reference Model Organi- Applications for horizontal and vertical sectors zational issues Virtual Organizations Electronic Trading Systems (Shop Systems) Kinds of Cooperation Political and Legal Business Process Reengineering (BPR) Tools Aspects of Technical Forms of Payment Security, Trust Transact. Control Agent Technlgy Mediation, Negotiation EDI EC issues Base Technologies (Internet-, Communication-, Security-, DB-, Software-Technology) [MeTuLa99] 4-44
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