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1 software defining system devices with the BANANA double split driver model Dan WILLIAMS, Hani JAMJOOM IBM Watson Research Center Hakim WEATHERSPOON Cornell University

2 Decoupling gives Flexibility Cloud s flexibility comes from decoupling device functionality from physical devices aka virtualization Can place VM anywhere Consolidation Instantiation Migration Placement optimizations 2

3 Are all Devices Decoupled? Today: split driver model Guests don t need device-specific driver System portion interfaces with physical device Dom 0 (Host OS) Dom U (VM) System portion Back-end Hardware Ring Buffer Front-end Hypervisor Physical Machine 3

4 Are all Devices Decoupled? Today: split driver model Guests don t need device-specific driver System portion interfaces with physical device Dependencies on hardware Dom 0 (Host OS) Dom U (VM) Presence of device (e.g., GPU, FPGA) Device-related configuration (e.g., VLAN) System portion Back-end Hardware Ring Buffer Front-end Hypervisor Physical Machine 4

5 Devices Limit Flexibility Split driver model: dependencies break if VM moves No easy place to plug into hardware driver System portion connected in ad-hoc way System portion Dom 0 (Host OS) Back-end Hardware Ring Buffer Dom U (VM) Front-end Hypervisor Physical Machine 5

6 Banana Double-Split Clean separation between hardware driver (Corm) and backend driver (Spike) Standard interface between Corm and Spike (endpoint) Endpoint Dom 0 (Host OS) Spike Wire Corm Ring Buffer Dom U (VM) Front-end Connected with wires Physical Machine Hypervisor 6

7 Roadmap Banana Double-Split Model Implementation Experiments Related Work Summary Dom 0 (Host OS) Spike Ring Buffer Dom U (VM) Front-end Endpoint Wire Corm Hypervisor Physical Machine 7

8 (Anatomy of a Banana Plant) Flower Spike Corm 8

9 Corms One Corm per physical device Expose one or more endpoints Virtual NIC-like interfaces Endpoint Dom 0 (Host OS) Spike Wire Ring Buffer Dom U (VM) Front-end Connect to one or more Spikes Corm Hypervisor Physical Machine 9

10 Spikes One Spike per front-end driver Expose an endpoint Attach to a Corm Endpoint Dom 0 (Host OS) Spike Corm Wire Corm Ring Buffer Dom U (VM) Front-end No need to share machine! Physical Machine Hypervisor 10

11 Wires Connections between endpoints E.g., tunnel, VPN, local bridge Each hypervisor contains endpoint controller Advertises endpoints (e.g., for Corms) Looks up endpoints (e.g., for Spikes) Sets wire type Integrates with VM migration Simple interface connect/disconnect 11

12 Implementation Xen network devices Endpoint exposes netdev Corm Spike Endpoint Dom 0 (Host OS) Back vif1.0 Endpoint Bridge Ring Buffer Dom U (VM) Front-end eth0 Grafted to existing devices via endpoint bridge Endpoint Endpoint vswitch to remote host via eth0 Outgoing Interface eth0 Hypervisor Physical Machine 12

13 Implementation Types of wires Native (bridge) Encapsulating (in kernel module) Tunneling (Open-VPN based) /proc interface for configuring wires Integrated with live migration 13

14 Initial Experimentation Ultimate test of location independence Cross-cloud live migration Keep using the same Corm Banana Wire Performance 14

15 Setup Amazon EC2 and local resources EC2 (4XL): 33 ECUs, 23 GB memory, 10 Gbps Ethernet Local: GHz, 24 GB memory, 1Gbps Ethernet Xen-blanket for nested virtualization Dom 0: 8 vcpus, 4 GB memory PV guests: 4 vcpus, 8 GB memory Local NFS server for VM disk images netperf to measure throughput and latency 1400 byte packets 15

16 Cross-cloud Live Migration Continuous netperf traffic between VMs Throughput (Mbps) VM1 migration starts VM1 migration ends VM2 migration starts VM2 migration ends It works! 10 Time (s) Latency (ms) 1 VM1 migration starts VM1 migration ends VM2 migration starts VM2 migration ends Time (s)

17 Corm Switching Dependency eliminated after second VM migrated Switching Corms can recover performance Throughput (Mbps) Latency (ms) VM1 migration starts VM1 migration ends VM2 migration starts VM2 migration ends Time (s) VM1 migration starts VM1 migration ends VM2 migration starts VM2 migration ends Time (s)

18 Migration Numbers Experimental setup has overhead Nesting increases downtime by 43% Flexibility to do such extreme migration has a cost Migrating Banana endpoints introduces a further 30% overhead Cross-cloud live migration had 2.8s downtime Banana None (nested) None (not nested) Downtime Duration Downtime 1.3 [0.5] [0.1] 1.0 [0.5] [0.1] 0.7 [0.4] [0.2] Mean [w/std. dev] local to local live VM migration (s) Duration Local to Local 1.3 [0.5] [0.1] EC2 to EC2 1.9 [0.3] [0.6] Local to EC2 2.8 [1.2] [150.0] Mean [w/std. dev] local to local live VM migration (s) 18

19 Encapsulating Wires Throughput (Mbps) non-nested nested 0 baseline tinc OpenVPN vtun Banana wire UDP throughput experiment Using kernel module is especially important in nested environment Factor of 1.55 improvement becomes factor of

20 Related Work Other cut points Block tap drivers (block devices) Continuous access Netchannel Specialized solutions Nomad, USB/IP Virtual networking VL2, NetLord, VIOLIN, others 20

21 Summary Banana Double-Split driver model decouples virtual devices from physical Provides location independence Mappings are software-defined So far, implemented network device Demonstrated cross-cloud live migration Future directions Controller to manage mappings/re-wirings? Corm switching? Other devices? 21

22 Thank You Flower Spike Corm 22

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