Computer Networking Introduction
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1 Computer Networking Introduction Halgurd S. Maghdid Software Engineering Department Koya University-Koya, Kurdistan-Iraq Lecture No.2
2 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 what is the Inter? 1.2 work edge end systems, works, links 1.3 work core packet switching, circuit switching, work structure 1.4 delay, loss, throughput in works 1.5 protocol layers, service models 1.6 works under attack: security 1.7 history
3 The work core mesh of interconnected routers packet-switching: hosts break application-layer messages into packets forward packets from one router to the next, across links on path from source to destination each packet transmitted at full link capacity
4 Packet-switching: store-and-forward L bits per packet source R bps R bps destination takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming zero propagation delay) one-hop numerical example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps one-hop transmission delay = 5 sec more on delay shortly
5 Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss A R = 100 Mb/s C B queue of packets waiting for output link R = 1.5 Mb/s D E queuing and loss: If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link for a period of time: packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up
6 Two key work-core functions routing: determines source-destination route taken by packets routing algorithms forwarding: move packets from router s input to appropriate router output routing algorithm local forwarding table header value output link of 17 dest address in arriving packet s header Network Layer
7 Alternative core: circuit switching end-end resources allocated to, reserved for call between source & dest: In diagram, each link has four circuits. call gets 2 nd circuit in top link and 1 st circuit in right link. dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance circuit segment idle if not used by call (no sharing) Commonly used in traditional telephone works
8 Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM FDM Example: 4 users frequency TDM time frequency time
9 Packet switching versus circuit switching packet switching allows more users to use work! example: 1 Mb/s link each user: 100 kb/s when active active 10% of time N users 1 Mbps link circuit-switching: 10 users packet switching: with 35 users, probability > 10 active at same time is less than.0004 * Q: how did we get value ? Q: what happens if > 35 users?
10 Packet switching versus circuit switching is packet switching a slam dunk winner? great for bursty data resource sharing simpler, no call setup excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps still an unsolved problem (chapter 7) Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)?
11 Inter structure: work of works End systems connect to Inter via ISPs (Inter Service Providers) Residential, company and university ISPs Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected. So that any two hosts can send packets to each other Resulting work of works is very complex Evolution was driven by economics and national policies Let s take a stepwise approach to describe current Inter structure
12 Inter structure: work of works Question: given millions of ISPs, how to connect them together?
13 Inter structure: work of works Option: connect each ISP to every other ISP? connecting each ISP to each other directly doesn t scale: O(N 2 ) connections.
14 Inter structure: work of works Option: connect each ISP to a global transit ISP? Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement. global ISP
15 Inter structure: work of works But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors. ISP A ISP B ISP C
16 Inter structure: work of works But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors. which must be interconnected ISP A Inter exchange point IXP IXP ISP B ISP C peering link
17 Inter structure: work of works and regional works may arise to connect s to ISPS ISP A IXP IXP ISP B ISP C regional
18 Inter structure: work of works and content provider works (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai ) may run their own work, to bring services, content close to end users ISP A IXP Content provider work IXP ISP B ISP B regional
19 Inter structure: work of works Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google IXP IXP IXP Regional ISP Regional ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP at center: small # of well-connected large works tier-1 commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national & international coverage content provider work (e.g, Google): private work that connects it data centers to Inter, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs
20 Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint POP: point-of-presence to/from backbone peering to/from customers
21 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 what is the Inter? 1.2 work edge end systems, works, links 1.3 work core packet switching, circuit switching, work structure 1.4 delay, loss, throughput in works 1.5 protocol layers, service models 1.6 works under attack: security 1.7 history
22 How do loss and delay occur? packets queue in router buffers packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link capacity packets queue, wait for turn packet being transmitted (delay) A B packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers
23 Four sources of packet delay A transmission propagation B nodal processing queueing d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop d proc : nodal processing check bit errors determine output link typically < msec d queue : queueing delay time waiting at output link for transmission depends on congestion level of router
24 Four sources of packet delay A transmission propagation B nodal processing queueing d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop d trans : transmission delay: L: packet length (bits) R: link bandwidth (bps) d trans = L/R d trans and d prop very different d prop : propagation delay: d: length of physical link s: propagation speed in medium (~2x10 8 m/sec) d prop = d/s
25 Caravan analogy 100 km 100 km ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth cars propagate at 100 km/hr toll booth takes 12 sec to service car (bit transmission time) car~bit; caravan ~ packet Q: How long until caravan is lined up before 2nd toll booth? time to push entire caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10 = 120 sec time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both: 100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr A: 62 minutes
26 Caravan analogy (more) 100 km 100 km ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth suppose cars now propagate at 1000 km/hr and suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a car Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at first booth? A: Yes! after 7 min, 1st car arrives at second booth; three cars still at 1st booth.
27 average queueing delay Queueing delay (revisited) R: link bandwidth (bps) L: packet length (bits) a: average packet arrival rate La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite! traffic intensity = La/R La/R ~ 0 * Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss La/R -> 1
28 Real Inter delays and routes what do real Inter delay & loss look like? traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end-end Inter path towards destination. For all i: sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination router i will return packets to sender sender times interval between transmission and reply. 3 probes 3 probes 3 probes
29 Real Inter delays, routes traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to 1 cs-gw ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu ( ) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms 4 jn1-at wor.vbns. ( ) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so wae.vbns. ( ) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms 7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms ( ) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms 9 de2-1.de1.de.geant. ( ) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms 10 de.fr1.fr.geant. ( ) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms 11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant. ( ) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms 13 nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms 14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms 15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft. ( ) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms ( ) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 fantasia.eurecom.fr ( ) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms 3 delay measurements from gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu * means no response (probe lost, router not replying) * Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at trans-oceanic link
30 Packet loss queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost) lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not at all A buffer (waiting area) packet being transmitted B packet arriving to full buffer is lost * Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss
31 Throughput throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver instantaneous: rate at given point in time average: rate over longer period of time server server, sends with bits (fluid) file of into F bits pipe to send to client link pipe capacity that can carry R s bits/sec fluid at rate R s bits/sec) link pipe capacity that can carry R c bits/sec fluid at rate R c bits/sec)
32 Throughput (more) R s < R c What is average end-end throughput? R s bits/sec R c bits/sec R s > R c What is average end-end throughput? R s bits/sec R c bits/sec bottleneck link link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
33 Throughput: Inter scenario per-connection end-end throughput: min(r c,r s,r/10) in practice: R c or R s is often bottleneck R s R c R s R c R R s R c Introduction 10 connections (fairly) share backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
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