Homework 6. BTW, This is your last homework. Assigned today, Tuesday, April 10 Due time: 11:59PM on Monday, April 23. CSCI 402: Computer Architectures
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1 Homework 6 BTW, This is your last homework Assigned today, Tuesday, April 10 Due time: 11:59PM on Monday, April 23 1 CSCI 402: Computer Architectures Memory Hierarchy (4) Fengguang Song Department of Computer & Information Science IUPUI 1
2 Direct-mapped cache Recall Hardware, stored content and overhead A few examples to divide a memory address How to handle read/write? Either hit or miss Memory stall cycles per instruction Effective CPI: base CPI + memory stall cycles AMAT Structure: Faster L1 cache + Slow main memory 3 empty Direct Mapped Cache: Block address % N e.g., N=4: 0,4,8,12, empty Associative Caches 10 2
3 Associative Caches It will make block placement more flexible In direct-mapped cache, only one choice! Fully associative cache Allow a memory block to enter Any cache line So, this requires all entries to be searched at once i.e., comparator per cache line (very expensive!) n-way set associative cache Each set contains n entries Block number will determine which set i.e., Search all entries in a given set at once so, just n comparators for n ways (much less expensive!) 2 sets, 4 entries per set 11 Expensive Cost of Full Associativity A fully associative cache is expensive to implement 1. There is no block-index in the address subdivision, nearly the entire address must be used as the tag è increasing cache space 2. We must check the tag of all blocks èmany comparators Address (32 bits) Valid Tag (32 bits) Data 26 Tag = = Hit = 12 3
4 Use Different Caches Suppose a cache can store 8 blocks What is the location of memory block address 12? 12 mod 8 12 mod 4 Anywhere 13 We have talked Direct Mapped Cache, n-way Set Associative Cache, Fully Associative Cache In fact, we could think of all cache strategies as a variation of Set-associative cache 14 4
5 Varying Associativity Size For a cache with 8 entries, Every cache is a variation of setassociative cache. 15 Comparing Associativity Compare different types of cache with only 4 blocks: (1) Direct mapped cache (2) 2-way set associative cache (3) Fully associative cache Block access sequence: 0, 8, 0, 6, 8 (block addresses) (1) Direct mapped (block address mod?) Block address Cache index Hit/miss Cache content after access miss Mem[0] 8 0 miss Mem[8] 0 0 miss Mem[0] 6 2 miss Mem[0] Mem[6] 8 0 miss Mem[8] Mem[6] All misses! 16 5
6 Associativity Example (2) 2-way set associative (mod 2) 0, 8, 0, 6, 8 Block address Cache index Hit/miss 0 0 miss Mem[0] 8 0 miss Mem[0] Mem[8] 0 0 hit Mem[0] Mem[8] 6 0 miss Mem[0] Mem[6] 8 0 miss Mem[8] Mem[6] Cache content after access Set 0 Set 1 (3) Fully associative Block address Hit/miss Cache content after access 0 miss Mem[0] 8 miss Mem[0] Mem[8] 0 hit Mem[0] Mem[8] 6 miss Mem[0] Mem[8] Mem[6] 8 hit Mem[0] Mem[8] Mem[6] Best result 17 How Much Associativity is Appropriate? Increasing associativity can decrease miss rate But will be more costly to build Also, with diminishing returns (see data below) Simulations with 64KB D-cache, 16-word blocks, SPEC2000 Data miss rate: 1-way: 10.3% 2-way: 8.6% 4-way: 8.3% 8-way: 8.1% 18 6
7 Address Subdivision for Set-Associative Cache? If a cache has 2 s sets and each block has 2 n bytes, then memory address can be partitioned as follows: Address (m bits) (m-s-n) Tag s Set Index n Block offset The arithmetic to compute a set index: Block Address = Memory Address / 2 n Set Index = Block Address mod 2 s 19 Organization of Set Associative Cache 2 Each cache block has 4 bytes 4-way set associative cache 256 sets 20 7
8 Cache Replacement Policy Question: What happens if the assigned cache block space is already occupied? Direct mapped: No choice -> must replace the existing block n-way set associative: You have n choices Prefer invalid entry if there is one Otherwise, choose one among entries in the set But which one to choose? how? There are Different Cache Replacement Policies: Least-recently used (LRU) policy Replace the one that has not been used for the longest time Simple for 2-way, manageable for 4-way, too hard beyond that Random policy Has approximately the same performance as LRU for high associativity FIFO policy Choose the one that enters the cache first (i.e., replace the oldest one) 21 Next, Cache Coherence Problem 22 8
9 What is Finite State Machine (FSM) We use a FSM to define a sequence of control steps Set of states Each edge has an event Transition between states of the FSM Current state is stored in a register Next state = f n (Current state, Input event) set valid bit &tag Fig: Cache Controller FSM 23 Cache Coherence Problem Suppose two CPU cores share a physical memory space CPUA Assuming write-through cache Time step Event CPU A s cache CPU B s cache CPUB X (in memory) Memory[x] CPU A reads X CPU B reads X CPU A writes 1 to X Parallelism and Memory Hierarchies: Cache Coherence 9
10 Coherence Definition Informally, Every read should return the most recently written value Formally, P writes X; P reads X (no intervening writes) Þ Read returns written value P 1 writes X; P 2 reads X (later) Þ P2 s read returns written value e.g. CPU B reading X after step 3 in previous example P 1 writes X, P 2 writes X Þ All processors see writes in the same order End up with the same final value for X 25 Cache Coherence Protocols Defines what operations should be performed by caches, in multiprocessors, to ensure coherence How to migrate data to local cache How to replicate read-shared data The classic snooping protocols Each cache monitors bus reads/writes 26 10
11 Snooping Protocols Cache gets exclusive access to a block whenever writing to a block Broadcasts an invalidate message on the bus Subsequent read in other caches à miss Then the owning cache will supply updated value CPU activity Bus activity CPU A s cache CPU B s cache Memory[x] [x] = 0 CPU A reads X Cache miss for X 0 0 CPU B reads X Cache miss for X CPU A writes 1 to X Invalidate for X 1 0 CPU B read X Cache miss for X Detailed protocols shown in the following slides 27 An Example of Snoopy Protocol (MSI) Invalidate protocol, write-back cache Each cache block is in one of 3 states (track these): Shared : block can be read Clean in all caches and up-to-date in memory Exclusive (or Modified) : cache has the only copy, its writeable, and dirty Invalid : block contains no data All caches snoop bus If there is a read miss message on bus, it can be satisfied by one of the caches Write to Shared block is treated as a miss (a bus action to invalidate) 28 11
12 Snoopy-Cache State Machine-I Cache state transitions for CPU requests for a cache block CPU Write Place write miss on bus CPU read hit CPU write hit Cache Block States Invalid Exclusive (read/write) CPU Read Place read miss on bus CPU read miss Write back block, Place read miss on bus CPU Write Shared (read only) Place write miss on bus CPU write miss Write back cache block, Place write miss on bus CPU read hit CPU read miss Place read miss on bus 29 Multilevel Caches in Practice Primary cache (or Level-1 cache) is attached to CPU Smallest, but fastest cache Level-2 cache services misses from L1 cache Larger, slower, but still much faster than main memory Main memory services L2 cache misses Sometimes high-end systems include L3 cache However, too many levels introduce significant overhead Need to keep data consistent (L1 < L2 < L3) Need to communicate across all levels CPU L1 cache L2 cache Main Memory 35 12
13 Real-World Multilevel Caches 5.13 ARM Cortex-A8 and Intel Core i7 Mem Hierarchy 36 13
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