Date: December 5, 1999 Dist'n: T1E1.4
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1 12/4/99 1 T1E14/ Project: T1E14: VDSL Title: Vectored VDSL (99-559) Contact: J Cioffi, G Ginis, W Y Dept of EE, Stanford U, Stanford, CA 945 Cioffi@stanforded, , F: Date: December 5, 1999 Dist'n: T1E14 Abstract: ONU vectoring is introdced in this contribtion to redce the effect of both NEXT and FEXT self-crosstalk to allow VDSL with niversal band allocation to meet all service reqirements, even when asymmetric and symmetric services are mixed Both bndled and nbndled sitations are investigated with the conseqence that a recent niversal band allocation proposal [1] allows all service reqirements to be met, and in many cases exceeded significantly NOTICE This contribtion has been prepared to assist Standards Committee T1 - Telecommnications This docment is offered to the Committee as a basis for discssion and is not a binding on Stanford University The reqirements are sbject to change after frther stdy The athors specifically reserve the right to add to, amend, or withdraw the statements contained herein
2 12/4/99 2 T1E14/ Vectored VDSL (99-559) J Cioffi, G Ginis, and W Y Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, CA 945 Phone: ; Fax: ABSTRACT ONU vectoring is introdced in this contribtion to redce the effect of both NEXT and FEXT self-crosstalk to allow VDSL with niversal band allocation to meet all service reqirements, even when asymmetric and symmetric services are mixed Both bndled and nbndled sitations are investigated with the conseqence that a recent niversal band allocation proposal [1] allows all service reqirements to be met, and in many cases exceeded significantly 1 Introdction: Unbndling of telephone line cables is rapidly becoming a worldwide reality with the conseqence that the individal phone lines within a single cable may se transmission systems of different service providers 1 Sch nbndled se by mltiple service providers increases the importance of standardization of varios phone-line transmission methods to ensre good mtal spectrm se and benefit in the presence of the inevitable crosstalk between lines Standardization can delineate the bands to be sed nationally and consistently for pstream and downstream transmission ths ensring throgh freqency division dplexing a spectrm compatibility between the different transmission systems of different service providers in the same cable Standardization can also leverage the growing knowledge of digital signal processing and coding methods, often assming the se of sfficient signal processing sophistication, to avert crosstalking problems and effects This paper investigates one sch method known as vectored VDSL that can significantly redce the effect of self-crosstalk if the pairs belonging to any one service provider are coordinated The motivation for sch coordination will be significantly better performance, in data rate, in range, and in particlar here, allowing a niversal band allocation to meet both ETSI and ANSI symmetric and asymmetric performance objectives in the same binder It is important to note that the FEXT-redction methods presented here are discretionary to the vendor and/or service provider and are provided for information only The crrent spectral masks remain the same and this method is not a form of coordinated power back-off (bt does not prevent power back-off nor alter it if sed), bt rather an independent se of coordination to improve rate/range trade-offs Section 2 introdces the basic vector concept and stdies how crosstalk is generally mitigated via vectoring, while Section 3 progresses to evalation of the improvement for VDSL with niversal band allocation in particlar for VDSL reqirements in ETSI and in North America In particlar, this contribtion shows that all ETSI and North American VDSL reqirements for asymmetric and symmetric can be met with a single niversal plan [1] if sfficient vectoring is sed 2 Basic Vectoring 1 This phenomenon is sometimes heristically referred to as "dark copper"
3 12/4/99 3 T1E14/ The concept of vectored or matrix channels has been stdied in other contexts for mltiser transmission [2], disk recording with mltiple heads [3], and wireless transmission with mltiple antennae [4-5] with enormos increases in achievable data rate in the last two cases (between a factor of and increase) In DSL, the possible improvement is not qite as large, bt still sfficiently large to merit serios stdy The matrix channel in DSL encompasses the adaptively identified crosstalk-copling transfer fnctions as well as the line insertion loss When the crosstalk is significant, sbstantial improvement is possible throgh service-provider-discretionary coordination of a single service provider's transmit signals fiber Vector Mod D A C D A C x Vector channel H=QR y VDSL 1 VDSL L Figre 1 - Illstration of Vectored VDSL Concept Each tone in DMT has all VDSL transmitters in ONU coordinated Figre 1 illstrates the basic concept The set of channel inpts is viewed as an entity over several VDSL systems of the same service provider In vectored VDSL, a single vector x (for each tone in DMT) models all the VDSL inpts at the common ONU Each VDSL transmission system is presmed to se digital dplexing [6] and each is also synchronized to the same frame/symbol clock Other service providers may not be sychronized to (nor coordinated with) the first service provider, and so the case of partial vectoring is also stdied later in the reslts of Section 3 The channel can be described in terms of a "matrix" insertion loss H The receivers are not coordinated becase they will be in physically distinct locations -- however, this will be of little conseqence in practical VDSL as long as the ONU side can be coordinated One can think of the channel otpt as a single discrete-time vector y = H x + n, even thogh the elements of that otpt vector may be in physically distinct and ncoordinated locations 2 With FDM mltiplexing, only FEXT is of concern for vectoring and for the model of the matrix H The vector x wold inclde one element for each VDSL transmitter that is coordinated (per DMT tone) Many entries in the matrix H will be zero or nearly zero, bt significant crosstalkers will create nonzero entries in H The matrix H is assmed known to the ONU-vectored VDSL transmitter (and identified by an appropriate channel identification procedre) With digitally dplexed DMT, there is no cross-tone crosstalk, allowing for the vector model above to be simple and of small dimension with maximm eqal to the nmber of VDSL transmission systems of one provider in the same ONU, and typically mch less The matrix H has a well-known and readily compted decomposition in digital signal processing called "QR" factorization, specifically H=RQ*, where R is trianglar and Q* is a "nitary matrix" (QQ*=Q*Q=I) and a sperscript of * means conjgate transpose By setting x = QX the noise-free channel otpt becomes y = RX, which is trianglar An optimm receiver for this signal if all the elements of y were in same place wold be a simple decision feedback scheme that exploits the 2 This model applies to each tone and at each DMT symbol period Ths, the H is both a fnction of tone index and possibly time as well We avoid sch a preponderance of notation here to illstrate concepts
4 12/4/99 4 T1E14/ trianglar strctre of R=SG where S is a diagonal matrix and G remains trianglar bt monic (ones along diagonal) However, the elements are not co-located, so instead a "block flexible" precoder is sed at the X + mod X Q x I-R Figre 2 - Illstration of vector modlator for any DMT tone (see text) transmitter as shown in Figre 2 The mod box simply means the constellation is mapped modlo the bondary of the original constellation, jst like in Tomlison precoding [11], for each tone The otpts of the vector y elements at each receiver will then be free of interference from the other inpts, namely FEXT is eliminated, albeit at some overall loss in energy to the receivers becase each of the y vales has a scaling by the corresponding component of S In VDSL, this loss is very small as Section 3 shows Since S is diagonal, the individal receivers can independently implement Y = S 1 y = X + N, which is a single mltiply on each sbchannel/tone per receiver The receiver processing is ths relatively small The transmitter processing involves implementation of the precoder and of the matrix Q, bt these are relatively small since they are independent for each tone For instance a well-designed system might see the combined complexity of these operations at abot - mltiplies per tone, which is well within the complexity of VDSL transceiver implementation The transmission then has a set of parallel channels for each ser where mltiser FEXT has been preqalized to be of smaller conseqence on each tone of a DMT system The performance improvement can be large In fact, the athors cold find no practical sitations where the reslt was discernable from having no FEXT at all In the pstream direction, the dal processing can be applied in that the pstream matrix can be factored as * H = Q R and the pstream receiver forms Y = Q y = R x + N which can be optimally decoded by decision feedback or soft cancellation for each tone [5], [8] 3 VDSL Self-NEXT: The reader may note that the methods presented here also allow a mechanism for redction of self-next at both ends, bt this additional advantage was not exploited becase only FDM with nonoverlapping bands was considered At the ONU, it is relatively trivial to eliminate self NEXT from a coordinated ONU with overlapping spectra (shold it ever be sed), amonting to one complex coefficient in an adaptive filter per tone per significant crosstalker [] Self-NEXT at the LT wold have to be handled by the methods in [8], preferably exploiting soft information in the forward error correction syndromes However, since NEXT is not an isse in FDM VDSL, we have not prsed these topics frther here However, overlapping bands with sch NEXT cancellation wold most certainly frther improve performance 3 Error propagation can be an isse and may reqire special attention to mitigate in the pstream receiver, bt we do not address that here Qestions can be addressed to first athor on this sbject
5 12/4/99 5 T1E14/ Simlation Reslts: This section provides some data rate and range reslts for the se of both flly vectored (single service provider) and partially vectored (mltiple service providers) within the same binder and compares the improvement with a system that does not se vectoring 31 Performance verss ETSI reqirements Crosstalk copling fnctions were individally modeled as those in the ETSI VDSL sytem reqirements [6] where the phase was modeled as linear somewhat arbitrarily We fond the reslts insensitive to phase assmption, so this linear-phase assmption was not of signficant conseqence In practice, the actal copling fnction, magnitde and phase of each crosstalker needs to be known to the ONU for implementation, bt said known vales can span a significant range withot altering achievableperformance reslts Channel models were also taken from [6] for the 6 noises (A-F) The same niversal band allocation from [1] was sed for all channels (whether symmetric, asymmetric, FTTCab or FTTex) To assist the reader's nderstanding, Table 1 smmarizes the varios rate/range reqirements for ETSI Table 1 - Eropean Service Types Designation Upstream Data Rate (Mbps) Dnstrm Data Rate (Mbps) Range (meters) loop1-4 A1 (long asym - 1) (C) A2 (long asym - 2) (C) A3 (medim asym) (C) A4 (short asym) S1 (long symmetric - 1) S2 (long symmetric - 2) S3 (medim symmetric) S4 (short symmetric 1) S5 (short symmetric 2) Figres 3a, 3b, and 3c illstrate sccessively the achievable data rate verss service class for ETSI Loop 1 (we fond this loop to be worst case and so only report for it, others have better performance) when no vectoring, partial vectoring, and fll vectoring are sed In Figre 3a, one sees that ETSI reqirements are not met, which is indicated by any of the service classes being below the "goal" line in Figre 3a - in this case VDSL self-fext were sed Partial vectoring where only 5 VDSL self-fext are present from another service provider in the same cable is better in Figre 3b and jst barely meets reqirements Fll vectoring in Figre 3c easily meets all reqirements Fll digital dplexed DMT as exactly proposed in [1] is sed in all crves The vectoring allows all the reqirements to be met
6 12/4/99 6 T1E14/ DMT with No Vectoring: ETSI VDSL Data Rate in Mbps Noise A Noise B Noise C Noise D 5 Noise E A1-UP A2-UP A3-UP A4-UP A1-DOWN A2-DOWN A3-DOWN A4-DOWN S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Service Type Noise F Figre 3a - Illstration of VDSL DMT with no vectoring and VDSL self-fext Note downstream asymmetric performance is below the reqirement goal of ETSI in [6] Partial Vectored DMT: ETSI VDSL 45 Data Rate in Mbps A1-UP A2-UP A3-UP A4-UP A1-DOWN A2-DOWN A3-DOWN A4-DOWN S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Service Type Noise A Noise B Noise C Noise D Noise E Noise F Figre 3(b) - Illstration of VDSL DMT with partial vectoring and 5 VDSL self-fext from another service provider Note downstream asymmetric performance is very close to the reqirement of ETSI in [6]
7 12/4/99 7 T1E14/ Flly Vectored DMT: ETSI VDSL 9 8 Data Rate in Mbps Noise A Noise B Noise C Noise D Noise E Noise F A1-UP A2-UP A3-UP A4-UP A1-DOWN A2-DOWN A3-DOWN A4-DOWN S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Service Type Figre 3c - Illstration of VDSL DMT with fll vectoring Note downstream asymmetric performance easily exceeds the reqirement of ETSI in [6], sing a single niversal band allocation for all types of service 32 Performance verss ANSI reqirements North American reslts are listed here These reslts se the same spectrm plan [1] as in the ETSI simlations of this paper North American Noise D is essentially the same as North American Noise A, except that 2 T1 crosstalkers are inclded [9] T1 noise is hostile to VDSL and prevents reqirements from being met in any circmstances (even withot nbndling) However, contribtion NT-43 [8] shows how to mitigiate T1 crosstalk if necessary Ths in Figres 4a-4c for American reqirements, the only sitations that vectoring of VDSL does not meet reqirements are becase of the T1 noise, which can be eliminated throgh other means There are no noises B,C nor E,F in the ANSI VDSL reqirements
8 12/4/99 8 T1E14/ American VDSL Performance - 9% range reqirement with noises A and D, and self-fext Data Rate in Mbps Noise A - 24-gage Noise A - 26-gage Noise D - 24-gage Noise D - 26-gage LA-UP MA-UP SA-UP LA-DN MA-DN SA-DN LS MS SS Service Type Figre 4a - American reqirements verss VDSL with no vectoring Note asymmetric downstream reqirements are not met, bt symmetric are met Partial Vectoring, 5 VDSL FEXT vs American Reqirement Noise A - 24-gage Noise A - 26-gage 25 Noise D - 24-gage Noise D - 26-gage 15 5 LA- UP MA- UP SA- UP LA- DN MA- DN SA- DN LS MS SS Figre 4b - American VDSL performance verss reqirements for partially vectored DMT Asymmetric reqirements (otside of T1 noise in model D) are not met, bt jst barely
9 12/4/99 9 T1E14/ Fll Vectored VDSL vs American Reqirement 8 7 Data Rate in Mbps 6 5 Noise A - 24-gage Noise A - 26-gage Noise D - 24-gage Noise D - 26-gage LA-UP MA-UP SA-UP LA-DN MA-DN SA-DN LS MS SS Service Type Figre 4c - Fll Vectoring in DMT VDSL verss American reqirements All reqirements met easily (except T1 sitation, and then on 26-gage only) T1 noise needs handling as in [8] 4 Smmary Vectored VDSL enables a Universal Band Allocation for VDSL to meet all system reqirements, even when asymmetric and symmetric services are mixed in the same cable The complexity increase is relatively modest for DMT systems in terms of additional instrctions per second becase the precoding and pre-eqalization can be independently exected for each tone Coordination at the ONU side is necessary for vectoring, bt sch a site is the most likely site for coordination becase many VDSL modems cold be expected to reside in the same nit of a single manfactrer Coordination of VDSL transceivers (as well as ADSL) is already sed by a nmber of manfactrers for time-sharing of cost and power statistically, and the approach of this paper bilds pon sch strctre to improve performance as well as to save power, size, and complexity in VDSL This contribtion proposes a sb-item for Gvdsl isses list 27 Some nonzero TBD level of vectored VDSL may be assmed in assessing performance conformance nder item 95 and in determining spectrm allocation in items nder 2x 5 References [1] Alcatel et al, "A Universal Spectrm Plan Proposal for DMT," ANSI T1E14 Contribtion R2, Agst 23, 1999 [2] S Verd, Adaptive Mltiser Detection, from Code Division Mltiple Access Systems, (Editors, SG Glisic and PA Leppanen), Klwer: Boston, 1995, pp [3] P Voois, "Two-Dimensional Signal Processing for Magnetic Storage Systems," PhD Dissertation, Stanford University, December 1993
10 12/4/99 T1E14/ [4] G Raleigh and J Cioffi, "Spatio-Temporal Coding for Wireless Commnications," IEEE Transactions on Commnications, Vol 46, No 3, March 1998 [5] Cioffi, JM and Forney, GD, Jr, Generalized Decision-Feedback Eqalization for Packet Transmission with ISI and Gassian Noise, Chapter 4 of Commnication, Comptation, Control, and Signal Processing, (a tribte to Thomas Kailath), Klwer: Boston, 1997, Ed: A Palraj, V Roychowdhry, and C Schaper [6] "Very high-speed Digital Sbscriber Lines (VDSL) Part I: Fnctional Reqirements," ETSI Technical Specification V113, Sophia-Antipolis, France, Jne 1999 [7] Q Wang, "VDSL Spectrm Plan Proposal," ANSI Contribtion , Baltimore, MD, Agst 23, 1999 [8] JCioffi, K Cheong, W Choi, and R Negi, "Gvdsl: Fndamentals reqirements indced by Gpnt/Gvdsl mixtre," ITU SG15/Q4 Temporary Docment NT-43, Nashville, TN, November 1, 1999 [9] V Oksman, S Zeng, et al, "Noise Models for VDSL Performance," ANSI Contribtion , Baltimore, MD, Agst 23, 1999 [] J Cioffi, "Method for Crosstalk Cancellation," September 3, available from athor on reqest (cioffi@stanforded) [11] T Starr et al, Understanding Digital Sbscriber Line Technology Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1999
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