Chapter 4 Transmission Systems and the Telephone Network. School of Info. Sci. & Eng. Shandong Univ.

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1 Chapter 4 Transmission Systems and the Telephone Network School of Info. Sci. & Eng. Shandong Univ.

2 Skip in Chapter 3 Articles 3.8.7, (polynomial math for CRC codes) Skip in Chapter (SONET frame structure) 4.6 Signaling in POTS

3 Sharing of an expensive channel by multiplexing (MUX) (a) A B A B (b) A B MUX Trunk group MUX A B C C C C Figure 4.1

4 Frequency Division MUX (FDM) (a) Individual signals occupy W Hz 0 A W f 0 B W f 0 C W f (b) Combined signal fits into channel bandwidth A B C f Figure 4.2

5 Time Division MUX (TDM) (a) Each signal transmits 1 unit every 3T seconds A 1 A 2 0T 3T 6T t 0T B 1 B 2 3T 6T t 0T C 1 C 2 3T 6T t (b) Combined signal transmits 1 unit every T seconds A 1 B 1 C 1 A 2 B 2 C 2 0T 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T t Figure 4.3

6 Standard T1 Carrier (TDM of 24 PCM voice channels) MUX MUX b b frame 24 (1+24channels*8bits/channel)*8000 frames/sec = Mbps Figure 4.4

7 North American Digital Hierarchy Primary Multiplex Eg. Digital Switch 24 chan PCM M12 M23 DS Mbps Multiplex DS Mbps Multiplex DS Mbps x4 x M13 Multiplex DS Mbps European Digital Hierarchy Primary Multiplex Eg. Digital Switch 30 chan PCM CEPT 1 2nd order Multiplex Mbps Mbps x4 3rd order Multiplex x Mbps 4th order Multiplex x4 CEPT Mbps Figure 4.5

8 t Figure 4.6

9 Figure 4.7 Optical fiber network for long distance carrier in 1998

10 Low-Speed Mapping Function Medium Speed Mapping Function High- Speed Mapping Function DS DS1 DS2 CEPT-1 CEPT ATM 150 Mbps STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-3c STS-3c OC-n Scrambler E/O Mbps High- Speed Mapping Function Mux STS-n Figure 4.8

11 (a) pre-sonet multiplexing MUX DEMUX MUX DEMUX remove tributary insert tributary (b) SONET Add-Drop multiplexing MUX ADM DEMUX remove tributary insert tributary Figure 4.9

12 a OC-3n OC-3n b 3 ADMs OC-3n physical loop net c Figure 4.10

13 (a) (b) a a OC-3n OC-3n b OC-3n c b logical fully-connected net c 3 ADMs connected in physical ring topology Figure 4.11

14 a a d b d b c c (a) Dual ring (b) Loop-around in response to fault Figure 4.12

15 Regional Ring Metro Ring Inter-Office Rings Figure 4.13

16 (a) STS PTE SONET Terminal LTE Mux STE STE STE reg reg reg LTE Mux STS PTE SONET Terminal Section STS Line Section STS-1 Path STE: Section Terminating Equipment, e.g. a repeater LTE: Line Terminating Equipment, e.g. a STS-1 to STS-3 multiplexer PTE: Path Terminating Equipment, e.g. an STS-1 multiplexer (b) path path line section line section section section section line section line section optical optical optical optical optical optical optical Figure 4.14

17 90 bytes B B B 87B Section Overhead Line Overhead 3rows 6rows Information Payload 9 Rows Transport overhead 125 µs Figure 4.15

18 frame k Pointer first octet 87 columns Synchronous Payload Envelope 9 rows frame k+1 Pointer last octet first column is path overhead Figure 4.16

19 STS-1 STS-1 Map STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 Map Map STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 Byte Interleave STS-3 Incoming STS-1 Frames Synchronized New STS-1 Frames Figure 4.17

20 The latest incarnation of FDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing λ 1 Optical MUX Optical demux λ 1 λ 2 λ 1 λ 2. λ m λ 2 λ m Optical fiber λ m To pick good wavelengths, look at Fig. 3.45, p 145. Figure 4.18

21 Figure 4.19 Optical signal in a WDM system Figure 4.19

22 (a) WDM chain network a b c d (b) WDM ring network Optical ADMs in a Fiber Optic Network a b 3 ADMs c Figure 4.20

23 (a) Network POTS consists of links and circuit switches Link Switch User n User 1 User n-1 (b) Switch Control Connection of inputs to outputs N N Figure 4.21

24 Crossbar Switch; Space-Division Switches 1 2 N 1 2 N-1 N Grows as N-squared Figure 4.22

25 Multistage switch. Grows as N to the 1.5 power 2(N/n)nk + k (N/n) 2 crosspoints N inputs nxk 1 nxk 2 nxk N/n x N/n N/n x N/n kxn kxn 2 kxn N outputs nxk N/n N/n x N/n k kxn N/n Figure 4.23

26 nxk 1 N/n x N/n 1 kxn 1 Desired input nxk j n-1 busy N/n x N/n n-1 N/n x N/n n+1 N/n x N/n 2n-2 n-1 busy kxn m Desired output nxk N/n free path N/n x N/n 2n-1 free path kxn N/n Figure 4.24

27 Time Division Switches From TDM DeMUX Read slots in permuted order To TDM MUX Usually called Time Slot Interchange Switch (TSI) Figure 4.25

28 nxk 1 N/n x N/n 1 kxn 1 N inputs nxk 2 nxk 3 input TDM frame with n slots n 2 1 nxk N/n output TDM frame with k slots Figure 4.26

29 nxk first slot first slot N/n x N/n kxn nxk 2 N/n x N/n 2 kxn 2 nxk N/n kth slot N/n x N/n k kth slot kxn N/n Figure 4.27

30 TSI Stage Space Stage TSI Stage N inputs TDM n slots n slots n slots nxk 1 nxk 2 nxk N/n x N/n Time-Shared Space Switch kxn 3 3 TDM k slots TDM k slots 1 kxn 2 kxn N outputs n slots nxk N/n kxn N/n Figure 4.28

31 B 2 A 2 B 1 A 1 2x3 1 B 1 A 1 C 1 A 1 3x2 1 A 1 C 1 D 2 C 2 D 1 C 1 2x3 2 D 1 C 1 D 1 B 1 3x2 2 B 1 D 1 Figure 4.29

32 4.5 The Telephone Network: POTS or PSTN Setting up a circuit-switched path for the duration of the call. Figure 4.30

33 Telephone call set up. Note the three phase process that propagates through intermediate points Source Signal Signal Go Ahead Message Release Destination Signal This is an elaboration of the double timing diagram from Test 1. Figure 4.31

34 Routing for local and long-distance connections (a) Routing in a typical metropolitan area 4 C D A 1 B (b) Routing between two LATAs Uses LD Carrier nets Local Access and Transport Areas net 1 net 2 LATA 1 LATA 2 Figure 4.32

35 Pedestal POTS access transmission facilities Serving Area I/f local telephone office distribution cable Serving Area I/f feeder cable Distribution Frame Switch Serving Area Interface Figure 4.33

36 Original signal Transmit pair Received signal Echoed signal Hybrid transformer Receive pair Local Loop 2 and 4 wire connections in the telephone network; echos. Hybrid is in the CO or Serving Area Interface Figure 4.34

37 Local analog Local digital Digital trunks Digital cross-connect System Channel-switched traffic (digital leased lines) Tie lines Circuitswitched traffic Local Switch Foreign exchange Figure 4.35

38 Digital cross connect and SONET ADM ADM Physical SONET ADM ADM Topology using ADMs and DCCs ADM DCC ADM Logical Topology Switches see this topology Figure 4.36

39 End to end digital services (ISDN) BRI PRI Circuit Switched Network Channel Switched Network Private Packet Switched Networks BRI PRI Basic Rate Interface (BRI): 2B+D Primary Rate Interface (PRI): 23B+D Signaling Network Figure 4.37

40 4.6 A little about signaling in the POTS SPC Control Signaling Message Stored program control. A computer runs the switching at Cos. Figure 4.39

41 Common Channel Signaling Office A Trunks Office B Switch Switch Processor Modem Signaling Modem Processor Figure 4.39

42 The signaling network is packet switched! STP STP SCP SSP STP STP Signaling Network SSP Transport Network SSP = Service switching point (signal to message) STP = Signal transfer point (message transfer) SCP = Service control point (processing) Figure 4.40

43 The Latest Incarnation: "The Intelligent Network" allows Caller ID, Conferencing, Etc. External Database SSP Signaling Network SSP Intelligent Peripheral Transport Network Figure 4.40

44 Application Layer Presentation Layer TUP TCAP ISUP Session Layer Transport Layer SCCP Network Layer MTP Level 3 Data Link Layer MTP Level 2 Physical Layer MTP Level 1 Figure 4.42

45 Many Lines Fewer Trunks Figure 4.43

46 N(t) all trunks busy t 1 2 trunk # Figure 4.44

47 # trunks Blocking Probability offered load Figure 4.45

48 (a) A D (b) Tandem Switch 1 Trunk group Tandem Switch 2 B E C F A B C D E F 10 Erlangs between each pair 90 Erlangs Figure 4.46

49 Tandem Switch Alternate Route Switch High Usage Route Switch Figure 4.47

50 Tandem Switch 1 Tandem Switch 2 Alternate Routes for B-E, C-F Switch A Switch C Switch B Switch E High Usage Route B-E High Usage Route C-F Switch F Switch D Figure 4.48

51 Tandem Switch 1 Tandem Switch 2 Tandem Switch 3 Alternate Routes Switch A High Usage Route Switch B Figure 4.49

52 Network Capacity Carried Load Offered Load Figure 4.50

53 Figure 4.51

54 BSS BSS HLR VLR EIRAC MSC STP PSTN SS#7 wireline terminal AC = authentication center BSS = base station subsystem EIR = equipment identity register HLR = home location register MSC = mobile switching center PSTN = public switched telephone network STP = signal transfer point VLR = visitor location register Figure 4.52

55 CM U m A bis A CM MM MM RRM RRM RRM RRM SCCP SCCP MTP Level 3 MTP Level 3 LAPD m LAPD m LAPD LAPD MTP Level 2 MTP Level 2 radio mobile station radio 64 kbps base transceiver station 64 kbps 64 kbps base station controller 64 kbps MSC Figure 4.53

56 satellite motion (a) (b) Figure 4.54

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