ECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017
|
|
- Augustine Hamilton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017 Dr. Nghi Tran Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Lecture 6.1: Internetworking Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 1
2 Internetworking: Discussions Up to now, we have learned how to Connect one node to another Connect one node to an existing network, e.g. Ethernet Last-mile link: Connect to a modest number of node together: Ethernet 1024 nodes, pointto-point: 2 nodes Next, we will learn how to build networks of global scale: How to interconnect different types of links and networks: Internetworking Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 2
3 Internetworking: Discussions For Internetworking, we shall look at few subproblems: Interconnect links of the same type: Switches We consider an important of class switch: Bridges to interconnect Ethernet segments. We also look a way to interconnect disparate networks and links: Gateways, or now mostly known as routers. We shall focus on the IP Once we are able to interconnect a whole lot of links and networks with switches and routers, we will look at a way to find a suitable path, or route through a network: Paths that are efficient, loop free, etc.: Routing Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 3
4 Internetworking: Our Goal Understanding the functions of switches, bridges and routers Discussing Internet Protocol (IP) for interconnecting networks Understanding the concept of routing Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 4
5 Switch A mechanism that allows us to interconnect links to form a large network A multi-input, multi-output device which transfers packets/frames from an input to one or more outputs How about Hub/Repeater? Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 5
6 Switching Topology A switch implements a star topology Switches are MIMO devices Ports are numbered Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 6
7 Properties Even though a switch has a fixed number of inputs and outputs, which limits the number of hosts that can be connected to a single switch, large networks can be built by interconnecting a number of switches Adding a new host to the network by connecting it to a switch does not necessarily mean that the hosts already connected will get worse performance from the network Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 7
8 Properties The last claim cannot be made for the shared media network (discussed in Chapter 2) It is impossible for two hosts on the same Ethernet to transmit continuously at 10Mbps because they share the same transmission medium Every host on a switched network has its own link to the switch So it may be entirely possible for many hosts to transmit at the full link speed (bandwidth) provided that the switch is designed with enough aggregate capacity Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 8
9 Primary Job A switch s primary job is to receive incoming packets on one of its links and to transmit them on some other link This function is referred as switching and forwarding Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 9
10 Switches Link-layer device: smarter than hubs, take active role store, forward Ethernet frames examine incoming frame s MAC address, selectively forward frame to one-or-more outgoing links when frame is to be forwarded on segment, uses CSMA/CD to access segment transparent plug-and-play, self-learning Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 10
11 Properties Allows multiple simultaneous transmissions A hosts have dedicated, direct connection to switch switches buffer packets Ethernet protocol used on each incoming link, but no collisions; full duplex each link is its own collision domain switching: A-to-A and B-to-B simultaneously, without collisions not possible with dumb hub C B A B C switch with six interfaces (1,2,3,4,5,6) Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 11
12 Example: Institutional Network to external network router mail server web server IP subnet Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 12
13 Switching and Forwarding How does a switch decide which output port to place each packet on? It looks at the header of the packet for an identifier that it uses to make the decision Two common approaches Datagram or Connectionless approach Virtual circuit or Connection-oriented approach A third approach source routing is less common Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 13
14 Datagram/Connectionless Assumptions Each host has a globally unique address, i.e. MAC There is some way to identify the input and output ports of each switch We can use numbers We can use names Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 14
15 Datagram/Connectionless Datagrams Key Idea Every packet contains enough information to enable any switch to decide how to get it to destination Every packet contains the complete destination address Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 15
16 Datagram/Connectionless No dedicated connection between communicating hosts: Packets may follow independent paths to the destination Packets are sent to the switch at any time (no contention) Source is not aware of the state of the destination Less prone to switch failures if alternative paths exist Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 16
17 Example An example network To decide how to forward a packet, a switch consults a forwarding table (sometimes called a routing table) Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 17
18 Forwarding Table Destination Port A 3 B 0 C 3 D 3 E 2 F 1 G 0 H 0 Entry: MAC address of host, port/interface to reach host: looks like a routing table! Q: how are entries created, maintained in switch table? Forwarding Table for Switch 2 Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 18
19 Switch: Self-Learning Source: A Dest: A switch learns which hosts can be reached through which interfaces when frame received, switch learns location of sender: incoming LAN segment records sender/location pair in switch table C 6 A A A B C MAC addr B interface A A 1 Switch table (initially empty) Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 19
20 Switch: Frame Filtering/Forwarding When frame received: 1. record link associated with sending host 2. index switch table using MAC dest address 3. if entry found for destination then { if dest on segment from which frame arrived then drop the frame else forward the frame on interface indicated } else flood forward on all but the interface on which the frame arrived Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 20
21 Self-Learning/Forwarding Example Source: A Dest: A Frame destination unknown: flood Destination A location known: selective send MAC addr Port TTL C A A A 1 A 6 A A B A 1 A 4 Forwarding table (initially empty) B A A A C Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 21
22 Interconnecting Switches switches can be connected together S 4 A B S 1 C S 2 D E F G S 3 H I Q: sending from A to G - how does S 1 know to forward frame destined to F via S 4 and S 3? A: self learning! (works exactly the same as in single-switch case!) Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 22
23 Multi-Switch Forwarding Tables Suppose C sends frame to I, I responds to C 1 S 4 A B S 1 C S 2 D 2 E F G S 3 H I Q: show switch tables and packet forwarding in S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 23
24 Datagram/Connectionless: Summary Characteristics of Connectionless (Datagram) Network A host can send a packet anywhere at any time, since any packet that turns up at the switch can be immediately forwarded (assuming a correctly populated forwarding table) When a host sends a packet, it has no way of knowing if the network is capable of delivering it or if the destination host is even up and running Each packet is forwarded independently of previous packets that might have been sent to the same destination. Thus two successive packets from host A to host B may follow completely different paths A switch or link failure might not have any serious effect on communication if it is possible to find an alternate route around the failure and update the forwarding table accordingly Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 24
25 Virtual Circuit Switching Uses the concept of virtual circuit (VC) Also called a connection-oriented model First set up a virtual connection from the source host to the destination host and then send the data Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 25
26 Virtual Circuit (VC) Switching Two-stage process Connection setup Data Transfer Connection setup Establish connection state in each of the switches between the source and destination hosts The connection state for single connection consists of an entry in the VC table in each switch through which the connection passes Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 26
27 VC Table One entry in the VC table on a single switch contains Incoming VC identifier (VCI) (identifies the connection per link) Outgoing VC identifier (VCI) (possibly different that the incoming) Incoming interface (different than the VC Identifier, similar to a port) Outgoing interface (different than the VC identifier, similar to a port) The semantics for one such entry is If a packet arrives on the designated incoming interface and that packet contains the designated VCI value in its header, then the packet should be sent out the specified outgoing interface with the specified outgoing VCI value first having been placed in its header Incoming Interface Incoming VC Outgoing Interface Outgoing VC Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 27
28 VC Connection Setup Permanent VC (PVC): Administrator sets up a permanent connection and configures VC table Switched VC (SVC): The host signals to the switches in order to establish a VC, dynamically. Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 28
29 PVC Let s assume that a network administrator wants to manually create a new virtual connection from host A to host B First the administrator identifies a path through the network from A to B Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 29
30 PVC The administrator then picks a VCI value that is currently unused on each link for the connection For our example, Suppose the VCI value 5 is chosen for the link from host A to switch 1 11 is chosen for the link from switch 1 to switch 2 So the switch 1 will have an entry in the VC table Incoming Interface Incoming VC Outgoing Interface Outgoing VC Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 30
31 PVC Example Switch 1 Switch 2 Switch 3 Incoming Interface Incoming VCI Outgoing Interface Outgoing VCI Incoming Interface Incoming VCI Outgoing Interface Outgoing VCI Incoming Interface Incoming VCI Outgoing Interface Outgoing VCI Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 31
32 Data Transfer Stage Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 32
33 SVC Example A sends setup msg to switch 1 indicating the address of B Switch 1 setups incoming/outgoing interfaces and VCIs Connection setup msg is forwarded like a datagram to switch 2 Switch 2 repeats the setup process Once data stage is over, connection is torn down Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 33
34 SVC: Observations Delay? Overhead (in terms of address)? A switch/link failure? How to get set up message to B? Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 34
35 Bridges Bridges are special switches that interconnect Ethernet networks Act as simple nodes on each Ethernet What is Forwarding Table for this Bridge? Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 35
36 Problem with Flooding Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 36
37 Why Loop? How does an extended LAN come to have a loop in it? Network is managed by more than one administrator For example, it spans multiple departments in an organization It is possible that no single person knows the entire configuration of the network A bridge that closes a loop might be added without anyone knowing Loops are built into the network to provide redundancy in case of failures Solution Distributed Spanning Tree Algorithm Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 37
38 Preliminaries on Graph Graph G(V, E) : Collection of vertices and edges V: Set of vertices E: Set of edges, e(x, y) = 1, if x, y connected, 0 otherwise Path: sequence of vertices with an edge between subsequent vertices (can be defined as sequence of edges as well) V 3 Path: {V 1, V 3, V 4 } Vertex Edge V 1 V 2 V 4 V 5 V 6 Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 38
39 Connected Graph A graph is said to be connected, if there is a path from any node to any other node V 3 V 3 V 1 V 2 V 4 V 1 V 2 V 4 V 5 V 6 V 5 V 6 Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 39
40 (A)Cyclic Graph Cycle: a path with the same first and last vertex Cyclic graph: A graph that contains at least one cycle Acyclic graph: A graph with no cycles Tree: An acyclic connected graph (spanning tree, spans all vertices) Forest: A disconnected acyclic graph (a graph with many trees) V 3 V 3 V 1 V 4 V 1 V 4 V 5 V 6 V 5 V 6 Cyclic graph Tree Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 40
41 Mapping Extended LAN to Graph Think of the extended LAN as being represented by a graph that possibly has loops (cycles) A spanning tree is a sub-graph of this graph that covers all the vertices but contains no cycles Spanning tree keeps all the vertices of the original graph but throws out some of the edges Example of (a) a cyclic graph; (b) a corresponding spanning tree. Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 41
42 Mapping Extended LAN to Graph Bridges and LANs become vertices, ports become edges Goal: Make a tree that spans only LANs (red vertices): Spanning Tree Algorithm C A B B 3 B 5 B 7 K E B 2 D F G B 1 H B 6 B 4 J I Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 42
43 Spanning Tree Algorithm Each bridge has a unique identifier Pick bridge with smallest ID, make it the root of the tree E D F G B 1 H Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 43
44 Spanning Tree Algorithm Compute shortest path (in terms of hops) from each bridge to root C A B B 3 B 5 B 7 K E B 2 D F G B 1 H B 6 B 4 J I Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 44
45 Spanning Tree Algorithm Each LAN remains connected to the bridge with shortest path to the root. In case of a tie use smallest ID A B C B 3 B 5 B 7 K E B 2 D F G B 1 H B 6 B 4 J I Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 45
46 Distributed Spanning Tree: Message Exchange Initially, all bridges consider themselves as roots Broadcast on all ports ID, root bridge, and distance to root If bridge hears a message from another bridge with smaller ID it adjusts root/distance, and forwards Ex., Let (Y, d, X) denote (root, distance, bridge ID) B3 receives (B2, 0, B2) B3 accepts B2 as root B3 adds one on its distance to B2, and fwds to B5 (B2, 1, B3) B2 accepts B1 as root and updates B3 with (B1, 1, B2) B5 accepts B1 as root and updates B3 with (B1, 1, B3) B3 accepts B1 as root, and note that both B2, B5 are closer to root in both ports. Hence, B3 blocks all ports Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks 46
Communication Networks ( ) / Spring 2011 The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University. Allon Wagner
Communication Networks (0368-3030) / Spring 2011 The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University Allon Wagner Kurose & Ross, Chapters 5.5-5.6 (5 th ed.) Tanenbaum & Wetherall, Chapters 4.3.4
More informationHubs. twisted pair. hub. 5: DataLink Layer 5-1
Hubs Hubs are essentially physical-layer repeaters: bits coming from one link go out all other links at the same rate no frame buffering no CSMA/CD at : adapters detect collisions provides net management
More informationLink layer: introduction
Link layer: introduction terminology: hosts and routers: nodes communication channels that connect adjacent nodes along communication path: links wired links wireless links LANs layer-2 packet: frame,
More informationInternetworking Part 1
CMPE 344 Computer Networks Spring 2012 Internetworking Part 1 Reading: Peterson and Davie, 3.1 22/03/2012 1 Not all networks are directly connected Limit to how many hosts can be attached Point-to-point:
More informationChapter 3 Part 2 Switching and Bridging. Networking CS 3470, Section 1
Chapter 3 Part 2 Switching and Bridging Networking CS 3470, Section 1 Refresher We can use switching technologies to interconnect links to form a large network What is a hub? What is a switch? What is
More informationCMPE 150/L : Introduction to Computer Networks. Chen Qian Computer Engineering UCSC Baskin Engineering Lecture 18
CMPE 150/L : Introduction to Computer Networks Chen Qian Computer Engineering UCSC Baskin Engineering Lecture 18 1 Final project demo Please do the demo THIS week to the TAs. Or you are allowed to use
More informationLecture 7. Reminder: Homework 2, Programming Project 1 due today. Homework 3, Programming Project 2 out, due Thursday next week. Questions?
Lecture 7 Reminder: Homework 2, Programming Project 1 due today. Homework 3, Programming Project 2 out, due Thursday next week. Questions? Thursday, September 15 CS 475 Networks - Lecture 7 1 Outline Chapter
More informationCompSci 356: Computer Network Architectures. Lecture 7: Switching technologies Chapter 3.1. Xiaowei Yang
CompSci 356: Computer Network Architectures Lecture 7: Switching technologies Chapter 3.1 Xiaowei Yang xwy@cs.duke.edu Types of switching Datagram Virtual circuit Source routing Today Bridges and LAN switches
More informationThe Link Layer and LANs: Ethernet and Swiches
The Link Layer and LNs: Ethernet and Swiches EECS3214 2018-03-21 Link layer, LNs: outline 6.1 introduction, services 6.2 error detection, correction 6.3 multiple access protocols 6.4 LNs addressing, RP
More informationCS 43: Computer Networks Switches and LANs. Kevin Webb Swarthmore College December 5, 2017
CS 43: Computer Networks Switches and LANs Kevin Webb Swarthmore College December 5, 2017 Ethernet Metcalfe s Ethernet sketch Dominant wired LAN technology: cheap $20 for NIC first widely used LAN technology
More informationSwitching & ARP Week 3
Switching & ARP Week 3 Module : Computer Networks Lecturer: Lucy White lbwhite@wit.ie Office : 324 Many Slides courtesy of Tony Chen 1 Ethernet Using Switches In the last few years, switches have quickly
More informationChapter 5: The Data Link Layer. Chapter 5 Link Layer and LANs. Ethernet. Link Layer. Star topology. Ethernet Frame Structure.
hapter 5 Link Layer and LNs omputer Networking: Top Down pproach 5 th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross ddison-wesley, pril 2009. hapter 5: The Data Link Layer Our goals: understand principles behind data
More informationECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017
ECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017 Dr. Nghi Tran Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Lecture 6.2: IP Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks
More informationReview. Error Detection: CRC Multiple access protocols. LAN addresses and ARP Ethernet. Slotted ALOHA CSMA/CD
Review Error Detection: CRC Multiple access protocols Slotted ALOHA CSMA/CD LAN addresses and ARP Ethernet Some slides are in courtesy of J. Kurose and K. Ross Overview Ethernet Hubs, bridges, and switches
More informationEPL606. Internetworking. Part 2a. 1Network Layer
EPL606 Internetworking Part 2a The majority of the slides in this course are adapted from the accompanying slides to the books by Larry Peterson and Bruce Davie and by Jim Kurose and Keith Ross. Additional
More informationCopyright 2010, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved
Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, 5e Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie C 3 Internetworking Copyright 2010, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Switching and Forwarding Store-and-Forward Switches
More informationSwitching and Forwarding Reading: Chapter 3 1/30/14 1
Switching and Forwarding Reading: Chapter 3 1/30/14 1 Switching and Forwarding Next Problem: Enable communication between hosts that are not directly connected Fundamental Problem of the Internet or any
More informationSwitching / Forwarding
Switching / Forwarding A switch is a device that allows interconnection of links to form larger networks Multi-input, multi-output device Packet switch transfers packets from an input to one or more outputs
More informationCSCI Computer Networks
CSCI-1680 - Computer Networks Link Layer III: LAN & Switching Chen Avin Based partly on lecture notes by David Mazières, Phil Levis, John Jannotti, Peterson & Davie, Rodrigo Fonseca Today: Link Layer (cont.)
More informationTelematics I. Chapter 6 Internetworking. (Acknowledement: These slides have been compiled from H. Karl s set of slides)
Telematics I Chapter 6 Internetworking (Acknowledement: These slides have been compiled from H. Karl s set of slides) 1 Goals of This Chapter So far: we can communicate between nodes all connected directly
More informationCS 455/555 Intro to Networks and Communications. Link Layer Addressing, Ethernet, and a Day in the Life of a Web Request
CS 455/555 Intro to Networks and Communications Link Layer Addressing, ernet, and a Day in the Life of a Web Request Dr. Michele Weigle Department of Computer Science Old Dominion University mweigle@cs.odu.edu
More informationECE 158A: Lecture 13. Fall 2015
ECE 158A: Lecture 13 Fall 2015 Random Access and Ethernet! Random Access! Basic idea: Exploit statistical multiplexing Do not avoid collisions, just recover from them When a node has packet to send Transmit
More informationComputer Networks. Wenzhong Li. Nanjing University
Computer Networks Wenzhong Li Nanjing University 1 Chapter 2. Direct Link Networks Link Service and Framing Error Detection and Reliable Transmission HDLC, PPP, and SONET Token Ring Ethernet Bridges and
More informationECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017
ECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017 Dr. Nghi Tran Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Lecture 5.5: Ethernet Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527 Computer Networks
More informationCS 3516: Advanced Computer Networks
Welcome to CS 3516: Advanced Computer Networks Prof. Yanhua Li Time: 9:00am 9:50am M, T, R, and F Location: Fuller 320 Fall 2017 A-term 1 Some slides are originally from the course materials of the textbook
More informationCSC 4900 Computer Networks: Link Layer (2)
CSC 4900 Computer Networks: Link Layer (2) Professor Henry Carter Fall 2017 Link Layer 6.1 Introduction and services 6.2 Error detection and correction 6.3 Multiple access protocols 6.4 LANs addressing,
More informationMedium Access Protocols
Medium Access Protocols Summary of MAC protocols What do you do with a shared media? Channel Partitioning, by time, frequency or code Time Division,Code Division, Frequency Division Random partitioning
More informationCSC 401 Data and Computer Communications Networks
CSC 401 Data and Computer Communications Networks Link Layer, Switches, VLANS, MPLS, Data Centers Sec 6.4 to 6.7 Prof. Lina Battestilli Fall 2017 Chapter 6 Outline Link layer and LANs: 6.1 introduction,
More informationLAN Interconnection and Other Link Layer Protocols
LAN Interconnection and Other Link Layer Protocols Ethernet dominant link layer technology for local-area networks Ethernet frame structure Kai Shen Dept. of Computer Science, University of Rochester Ethernet
More informationPrinciples behind data link layer services:
Data link layer Goals: Principles behind data link layer services: Error detection, correction Sharing a broadcast channel: Multiple access Link layer addressing Reliable data transfer, flow control Example
More informationPrinciples behind data link layer services:
Data link layer Goals: Principles behind data link layer services: Error detection, correction Sharing a broadcast channel: Multiple access Link layer addressing Reliable data transfer, flow control Example
More informationPrinciples behind data link layer services
Data link layer Goals: Principles behind data link layer services Error detection, correction Sharing a broadcast channel: Multiple access Link layer addressing Reliable data transfer, flow control: Done!
More informationCS4700/CS5700 Fundamentals of Computer Networks
CS4700/CS5700 Fundamentals of Computer Networks Lecture 9: Bridging Slides used with permissions from Edward W. Knightly, T. S. Eugene Ng, Ion Stoica, Hui Zhang Alan Mislove amislove at ccs.neu.edu Northeastern
More informationVirtual University of Pakistan. Describe the Hidden Node and Exposed Node problems in Standard? VUSR. [Larry L. Peterson]
www..net Solution Assignment No. 2 Question No. 1 Describe the Hidden Node and Exposed Node problems in 802.11 Standard? Hidden Node Problem: Consider the figure below. [Larry L. Peterson] B can exchange
More informationLecture 7. Network Layer. Network Layer 1-1
Lecture 7 Network Layer Network Layer 1-1 Agenda Introduction to the Network Layer Network layer functions Service models Network layer connection and connectionless services Introduction to data routing
More informationMore on Link Layer. Recap of Last Class. Interconnecting Nodes in LAN (Local-Area Network) Interconnecting with Hubs. Computer Networks 9/21/2009
More on Link Layer Kai Shen Recap of Last Class Ethernet dominant link layer technology for local-area l networks Ethernet frame structure Ethernet multiple access control CSMA/CD, exponential back-off
More informationData Link Layer. Our goals: understand principles behind data link layer services: instantiation and implementation of various link layer technologies
Data Link Layer Our goals: understand principles behind data link layer services: link layer addressing instantiation and implementation of various link layer technologies 1 Outline Introduction and services
More information7010INT Data Communications Lecture 7 The Network Layer
Introduction 7010INT Data Communications Lecture 7 The Layer Internetworking & Devices Connecting LANs Routing Backbone networks Virtual LANs Addressing Application Presentation Session Data Link Physical
More informationSummary of MAC protocols
Summary of MAC protocols What do you do with a shared media? Channel Partitioning, by time, frequency or code Time Division, Code Division, Frequency Division Random partitioning (dynamic) ALOHA, S-ALOHA,
More informationUnderlying Technologies -Continued-
S465 omputer Networks Spring 2004 hapter 3 (Part B) Underlying Technologies -ontinued- Dr. J. Harrison These slides were produced from material by Behrouz Forouzan for the text TP/IP Protocol Suite (2
More informationCS3600 SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
CS3600 SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY Lecture 20: Bridging Prof. Alan Mislove (amislove@ccs.neu.edu) Slides used with permissions from Edward W. Knightly, T. S. Eugene Ng, Ion Stoica, Hui
More informationChapter 4. DataLink Layer. Reference: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 4 th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, July 2007.
Chapter 4 DataLink Layer Reference: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 4 th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, July 2007. DataLink Layer Link Layer 4.1 Link-Layer Addressing 4.2 Ethernet
More informationCSCI-1680 Link Layer Wrap-Up Rodrigo Fonseca
CSCI-1680 Link Layer Wrap-Up Rodrigo Fonseca Based partly on lecture notes by David Mazières, Phil Levis, John Jannotti Administrivia Homework I out later today, due next Thursday Today: Link Layer (cont.)
More informationC13a: Packet Switching
CISC 7332X T6 C13a: Packet Switching Hui Chen Department of Computer & Information Science CUNY Brooklyn College 1 Acknowledgements Some pictures used in this presentation were obtained from the Internet
More informationCompSci 356: Computer Network Architectures. Lecture 8: Spanning Tree Algorithm and Basic Internetworking Ch & 3.2. Xiaowei Yang
CompSci 356: Computer Network Architectures Lecture 8: Spanning Tree Algorithm and Basic Internetworking Ch 3.1.5 & 3.2 Xiaowei Yang xwy@cs.duke.edu Review Past lectures Single link networks Point-to-point,
More informationCCM 4300 Lecture 5 Computer Networks, Wireless and Mobile Communications. Dr Shahedur Rahman. Room: T115
CCM 4300 Lecture 5 Computer Networks, Wireless and Mobile Communications Dr Shahedur Rahman s.rahman@mdx.ac.uk Room: T115 1 Recap of Last Session Described the physical layer Analogue and Digital signal
More informationLAN Overview (part 2) Interconnecting LANs - Hubs
LAN Overview (part 2) CSE 3213 Fall 2011 1 November 2011 Interconnecting LANs - Hubs active central element of star layout each station connected to hub by two UTP lines hub acts as a repeater limited
More informationLecture 9 The Data Link Layer part II. Antonio Cianfrani DIET Department Networking Group netlab.uniroma1.it
Lecture 9 The Data Link Layer part II Antonio Cianfrani DIET Department Networking Group netlab.uniroma1.it Physical Addresses Physical (or LAN or MAC) address: 48 bit string Hexadecimal representation
More informationCS610- Computer Network Solved Subjective From Midterm Papers
Solved Subjective From Midterm Papers May 08,2012 MC100401285 Moaaz.pk@gmail.com Mc100401285@gmail.com PSMD01 CS610- Computer Network Midterm Examination - Fall 2011 1. Where are destination and source
More informationLecture 6 The Data Link Layer. Antonio Cianfrani DIET Department Networking Group netlab.uniroma1.it
Lecture 6 The Data Link Layer Antonio Cianfrani DIET Department Networking Group netlab.uniroma1.it Link Layer: setting the context two physically connected devices: host-router, router-router, host-host,
More informationCSCI-1680 Link Layer Wrap-Up Rodrigo Fonseca
CSCI-1680 Link Layer Wrap-Up Rodrigo Fonseca Based partly on lecture notes by David Mazières, Phil Levis, John Janno< Administrivia Homework I out later today, due next Thursday, Sep 25th Today: Link Layer
More informationTop-Down Network Design
Top-Down Network Design Chapter Seven Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols Original slides by Cisco Press & Priscilla Oppenheimer Selection Criteria for Switching and Routing Protocols Network traffic
More informationCSCI-1680 Link Layer Wrap-Up Rodrigo Fonseca
CSCI-1680 Link Layer Wrap-Up Rodrigo Fonseca Based partly on lecture notes by David Mazières, Phil Levis, John Janno< Administrivia Homework I out later today, due next ursday, Sep 27th Today: Link Layer
More informationLayer 2 functionality bridging and switching
Layer 2 functionality bridging and switching BSAD 141 Dave Novak Sources: Network+ Guide to Networks, Dean 2013 Overview Layer 2 functionality Error detection Bridges Broadcast and collision domains How
More informationCSE 461: Bridging LANs. Last Topic
CSE 461: Bridging LANs Last Topic Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols Part of the Link Layer At the heart of Local Area Networks (LANs) How do multiple parties share a wire or the air? Random access
More informationSwitching and Forwarding
Switching and Forwarding Outline Store-and-Forward Switches Bridges and Extended LANs Spring 7 CSE64 Switch Switching protocol T T STS- Spring 7 CSE64 Scalable Networks Switch forwards packets from input
More informationDistributed Queue Dual Bus
Distributed Queue Dual Bus IEEE 802.3 to 802.5 protocols are only suited for small LANs. They cannot be used for very large but non-wide area networks. IEEE 802.6 DQDB is designed for MANs It can cover
More information6.1.2 Repeaters. Figure Repeater connecting two LAN segments. Figure Operation of a repeater as a level-1 relay
6.1.2 Repeaters A single Ethernet segment can have a maximum length of 500 meters with a maximum of 100 stations (in a cheapernet segment it is 185m). To extend the length of the network, a repeater may
More informationL8: Packet Switching. Hui Chen, Ph.D. Dept. of Engineering & Computer Science Virginia State University Petersburg, VA 23806
L8: Packet Switching Hui Chen, Ph.D. Dept. of Engineering & Computer Science Virginia State University Petersburg, VA 23806 1 Acknowledgements Some pictures used in this presentation were obtained from
More informationCSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2017
CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2017 Lecture 18 Link Layer Protocols Continued Who is this? Reading: Chapter 5 Some slides provided courtesy of J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved, copyright
More informationTop-Down Network Design, Ch. 7: Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols. Top-Down Network Design. Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols
Top-Down Network Design Chapter Seven Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols Copyright 2010 Cisco Press & Priscilla Oppenheimer 1 Switching 2 Page 1 Objectives MAC address table Describe the features
More informationECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017
ECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017 Dr. Nghi Tran Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Lecture 2: Overview of Computer Network Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527
More information===================================================================== Exercises =====================================================================
===================================================================== Exercises ===================================================================== 1 Chapter 1 1) Design and describe an application-level
More informationMore on LANS. LAN Wiring, Interface
More on LANS Chapters 10-11 LAN Wiring, Interface Mostly covered this material already NIC = Network Interface Card Separate processor, buffers incoming/outgoing data CPU might not be able to keep up network
More informationLecture 8: Switched Ethernet and Collision Domains
Lecture 8: Switched Ethernet and Collision Domains Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department University of Jordan EE426: Communication Networks Ethernet Installations 2 1 Twisted Pair and Fiber
More informationGood day. Today we will be talking about Local Internetworking What is Internetworking? Internetworking is the connection of different networks.
Computer Networks Prof: Sujoy Ghosh Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 21 Local Internetworking Good day. Today we will be talking about
More informationLecture 5 The Data Link Layer. Antonio Cianfrani DIET Department Networking Group netlab.uniroma1.it
Lecture 5 The Data Link Layer Antonio Cianfrani DIET Department Networking Group netlab.uniroma1.it Link Layer: setting the context two physically connected devices: host-router, router-router, host-host,
More informationSwitching and bridging
Switching and bridging CSCI 466: Networks Keith Vertanen Fall 2011 Last chapter: Overview Crea7ng networks from: Point- to- point links Shared medium (wireless) This chapter: SoCware and hardware connec7ng
More informationECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017
ECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017 Dr. Nghi Tran Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Lecture 5.4: Multiple Access Protocols Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527
More informationCH : 15 LOCAL AREA NETWORK OVERVIEW
CH : 15 LOCAL AREA NETWORK OVERVIEW P. 447 LAN (Local Area Network) A LAN consists of a shared transmission medium and a set of hardware and software for interfacing devices to the medium and regulating
More informationChapter 4 NETWORK HARDWARE
Chapter 4 NETWORK HARDWARE 1 Network Devices As Organizations grow, so do their networks Growth in number of users Geographical Growth Network Devices : Are products used to expand or connect networks.
More informationCisco Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)
Cisco 200-125 Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) http://killexams.com/pass4sure/exam-detail/200-125 Question: 769 Refer to exhibit: Which destination addresses will be used by Host A to send data
More informationCS Networks and Distributed Systems. Lecture 5: Bridging. Revised 1/14/13
CS 3700 Networks and Distributed Systems Lecture 5: Bridging Revised 1/14/13 Just Above the Data Link Layer 2 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Bridging! How do we connect
More informationA B C D E Total / 24 / 23 / 12 / 18 / 3 / 80
Carnegie Mellon Computer Science Department. 15-441 Spring 2010 Midterm Name: Andrew ID: INSTRUCTIONS: There are 10 pages (numbered at the bottom). Make sure you have all of them. Please write your name
More informationSome portions courtesy Srini Seshan or David Wetherall
CSE 123 Computer Networks Fall 2009 Lecture 6: Data-Link III: Hubs, Bridges and Switches Some portions courtesy Srini Seshan or David Wetherall Misc Homework solutions have been posted I ll post a sample
More informationEEC-484/584 Computer Networks
EEC-484/584 Computer Networks Lecture 13 wenbing@ieee.org (Lecture nodes are based on materials supplied by Dr. Louise Moser at UCSB and Prentice-Hall) Outline 2 Review of lecture 12 Routing Congestion
More informationAdaptors Communicating. Link Layer: Introduction. Parity Checking. Error Detection. Multiple Access Links and Protocols
Link Layer: Introduction daptors ommunicating hosts and routers are nodes links connect nodes wired links wireless links layer-2 packet is a frame, encapsulates datagram datagram controller sending host
More informationRouter Router Microprocessor controlled traffic direction home router DSL modem Computer Enterprise routers Core routers
Router Router is a Microprocessor controlled device that forwards data packets across the computer network. It is used to connect two or more data lines from different net works. The function of the router
More informationCS/ECE 438: Communication Networks for Computers Spring 2018 Midterm Examination Online
1 CS/ECE 438: Communication Networks for Computers Spring 2018 Midterm Examination Online Solutions 1. General Networking a. In traditional client-server communication using TCP, a new socket is created.
More informationInternet Architecture and Protocol
Internet Architecture and Protocol Set# 04 Wide Area Networks Delivered By: Engr Tahir Niazi Wide Area Network Basics Cover large geographical area Network of Networks WANs used to be characterized with
More informationIntroduction to Communication Networks Spring Unit 13 Network extensions Bridges.
Introduction to Communication Networks Spring 2007 Unit 13 Network extensions Bridges. Acknowledgements slides coming from: The book by Peterson/Davie The book by Wiliam Stallings Slides from lectures
More informationCSCI-1680 Link Layer Wrap-Up Rodrigo Fonseca
CSCI-1680 Link Layer Wrap-Up Rodrigo Fonseca Based partly on lecture notes by David Mazières, Phil Levis, John Jannotti Today: Link Layer (cont.) Framing Reliability Error correction Sliding window Medium
More informationMaster Course Computer Networks IN2097
Chair for Network Architectures and Services Prof. Carle Department for Computer Science TU München Master Course Computer Networks IN2097 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Carle Christian Grothoff, Ph.D. Dr. Nils
More informationChapter 6 Connecting Device
Computer Networks Al-Mustansiryah University Elec. Eng. Department College of Engineering Fourth Year Class Chapter 6 Connecting Device 6.1 Functions of network devices Separating (connecting) networks
More informationData Communications. Connecting Devices
Data Communications Connecting Devices Connecting Devices Networks do not normally operate in isolation. They are connected to one another or to the Internet. To connect LANs, or segments of LANs, we use
More informationOutline. Circuit Switching. Circuit Switching : Introduction to Telecommunication Networks Lectures 13: Virtual Things
8-5: Introduction to Telecommunication Networks Lectures : Virtual Things Peter Steenkiste Spring 05 www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/nets-ece Outline Circuit switching refresher Virtual Circuits - general Why virtual
More informationGoal and Outline. Computer Networking. What Do We Need? Today s Story Lecture 3: Packet Switched Networks Peter Steenkiste
Goal and Outline 15-441 15-641 Computer Networking Lecture 3: Packet Switched Networks Peter Steenkiste Fall 2016 www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/15 441 F16 Goal: gain a basic understanding of how you can build a
More informationReminder: Datalink Functions Computer Networking. Datalink Architectures
Reminder: Datalink Functions 15-441 15 441 15-641 Computer Networking Lecture 5 Media Access Control Peter Steenkiste Fall 2015 www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/15-441-f15 Framing: encapsulating a network layer datagram
More informationThis Lecture. BUS Computer Facilities Network Management. Switching Network. Simple Switching Network
This Lecture BUS0 - Computer Facilities Network Management Switching networks Circuit switching Packet switching gram approach Virtual circuit approach Routing in switching networks Faculty of Information
More informationReview of Topology and Access Techniques / Switching Concepts
Review of Topology and s / Concepts BSAD 141 Dave Novak Sources: Network+ Guide to Networks, Dean 2013 Overview Three base wired topologies Bus, star, ring Two wireless topologies Ad-hoc, infrastructure
More informationRevision of Previous Lectures
Lecture 15 Overview Last Lecture Local area networking This Lecture Wide area networking 1 Source: chapters 8.1-8.3, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2 Next Lecture Wide area networking 2 Source: Chapter 20 COSC244 Lecture
More informationInterface The exit interface a packet will take when destined for a specific network.
The Network Layer The Network layer (also called layer 3) manages device addressing, tracks the location of devices on the network, and determines the best way to move data, which means that the Network
More informationGrowth. Individual departments in a university buy LANs for their own machines and eventually want to interconnect with other campus LANs.
Internetworking Multiple networks are a fact of life: Growth. Individual departments in a university buy LANs for their own machines and eventually want to interconnect with other campus LANs. Fault isolation,
More informationChapter 3 Packet Switching
Chapter 3 Packet Switching Self-learning bridges: Bridge maintains a forwarding table with each entry contains the destination MAC address and the output port, together with a TTL for this entry Destination
More informationChapter 5 Link Layer and LANs
Chapter 5 Link Layer and LANs A note on the use of these ppt slides: All material copyright 1996-2007 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 4 th edition.
More informationCOSC 6377 Mid-Term #2 Fall 2000
Name: SSN: Signature: Open book, open notes. Your work must be your own. Assigned seating. Test time: 7:05pm to 8:05pm. You may not use a calculator or PalmPilot to calculate subnetting/host/netid information.
More informationECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017
ECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2017 Dr. Nghi Tran Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Lecture 5.6: Wireless Networks - MAC Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527
More informationAdministrivia CSC458 Lecture 4 Bridging LANs and IP. Last Time. This Time -- Switching (a.k.a. Bridging)
Administrivia CSC458 Lecture 4 Bridging LANs and IP Homework: # 1 due today # 2 out today and due in two weeks Readings: Chapters 3 and 4 Project: # 2 due next week Tutorial today: Joe Lim on project 2
More informationLink Layer Review. CS244A Winter 2008 March 7, 2008 Ben Nham
Link Layer Review CS244A Winter 2008 March 7, 2008 Ben Nham Announcements PA3 due today PS3 due next Wednesday PA4 due next Friday Final Exam Review session next Friday 7-10 PM on Thursday, March 20 Multiple
More informationAdaptors Communicating. Link Layer: Introduction. Parity Checking. Error Detection. Multiple Access Links and Protocols
Link Layer: Introduction daptors ommunicating Terminology: hosts and routers are nodes communication channels that connect adjacent nodes along communication path are links wired links wireless links LNs
More information