I/O interfaces. communication
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1 I/O interfaces communication
2 What? In computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between an information processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world, possibly a human, or another information processing system.
3 Classification Serial and parallel Programmable and not programmable General and special
4 Examples:
5 Functions: Data caching Error testing Controlling and timing Format transforming Communication
6 Structure: A data processing data B
7 VS OS: OS plays a major role in handling I/O Functions OS need to support
8 find the device How to transmit data give instruction:r,w,disk seeking,disk rotation I/O feedback:i/o status data transmitting
9 How does the system find a register of an I/O interface? By Addressing Independent Addressing VS Uniform Addressing
10 Independent Addressing Uniform Addressing
11 Independent Addressing I/O interface & Memory are addressed independently. How to perform W&R operations on I/O interface &memry? As they have different address bits, multiple operations are neccesary. MEMR,MEMW; IOR, IOW.
12 Uniform Addressing How to perform W&R operations on I/O interface &memry? As they have same address bits, sharing instructions is possible. CPU MEMR MEMW Memory MEMR(IOR), MEMW(IOW). A15 IOR I/O
13 Independent Addressing Uniform Addressing Memory address space is not affected; Less address bits; Less time to find the device; More instructions. Less memory address space; More address bit; More time to find the device; Uniform Instructions.
14 How to transmit data give instruction:r,w,disk seeking,disk rotation I/O feedback:i/o status data transmitting
15 Data Iput Reg Data CPU Data Output Reg Control Reg Status 接口 Reg Control Status I/O
16 Parallel interface A parallel communication physical interface Bi directional version of the port.
17 Serial links Serial communication:sending data a bit at one time Examples :RS-232 RS-422
18 SATA Full name: Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Application : esata
19 Features: Hotplug:(limited) Native Command Queuing:
20 Rivisions SATA revision 1.0 (SATA 1.5 Gbit/s) SATA revision 2.0 (SATA 3 Gbit/s) SATA revision 3.0 (SATA 6 Gbit/s)
21 USB(Universal Serial Bus) An industry standard developed in mid- 1990s that defines the cables, connectors and protocols used for connection, communication and power supply between computers and electronic devices.
22 Applications
23 Communication Packet:a formatted unit of data Host,and slave:all packets are sent from the host, via the root hub and possibly more hubs, to devices. Some of those packets direct a device to send some packets in reply.
24 Versions USB 1.0:Released in January Mbit/s (Low-Bandwidth),12 Mbit/s (Full- Bandwidth). USB 1.1: Released in August Fixed problems identified in 1.0,Earliest revision to be widely adopted. USB 2.0: Released in April maximum bandwidth of 480 Mbit/s (60 MB/s). USB OTG(USB on-the-go):
25 Advantages Hot plug High speed Feasible connection Supply power for external devices Easy to use
26 Q&A
27 Data caching Caching involves keeping a copy of data in a faster-access location than where the data is normally stored. back
28 Error testing I/O requests can fail for many reasons, either transient ( buffers overflow ) or permanent ( disk crash ). I/O requests usually return an error bit ( or more ) indicating the problem. back
29 Controlling and timing Scheduling I/O requests can greatly improve overall efficiency. Priorities can also play a part in request scheduling. On systems with many devices, separate request queues are often kept for each device back
30 Why? Multiple programs using the processor share the I/O system. I/O system often interrupts to communicate information about I/O operations. Low-level control is complex, requiring managing a set of concurrent events and detailed requirements. back
31 Supports Limit the right of user in case of error. OS handles interrupts as it handles exceptions generated by programs. Try to provide equal access to I/O devices and schedule accesses to enhance system throughput. back
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