Quality of Service II

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1 Quality of Service II Patrick J. Stockreisser

2 Lecture Outline Common QoS Approaches Best Effort Integrated Services Differentiated Services

3 Integrated Services Integrated Services (IntServ) A particular architecture for providing QoS IntServ is a framework developed within IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Aimed to provide individualised quality of service guarantees to individual application sessions Key Features: 1. Reserved Resources: a router is required to know what amounts of its resources (buffer, link bandwidth) are already reserved for on-going sessions 2. Call Setup: a session requiring QoS guarantees must first be able to reserve sufficient resources at each network router on its source-to-destination path to ensure its end-to-end QoS requirement is met To ensure QoS is met, call setup (or call admission) must involve all routers along a path from source-to-destination The process must consider resources (buffers, links etc) at each router along the chain

4 Integrated Services

5 Call Admission Process Traffic characterisation and specification of the desired QoS For a router to determine whether or not its resources are sufficient to meet the QoS requirements of a session, that session must first declare its QoS requirement, as well as characterise the traffic that it will be sending into the network, and for which it requires a QoS guarantee Rspec: In Intserv architecture defines the specific QoS being requested by a connection R is for reserved Tspec: In Intserv architecture characterises the traffic the sender will be sending into the network, or the receiver will be receiving from the network T is for traffic

6 Call Admission Process Signalling for call setup: A session s Tspec and Rspec must be carried to the routers at which resources will be reserved for the session RSVP is the signalling protocol of choice Per-element call admission: Once a router receives the Tspec and Rspec for a session requesting a QoS guarantee, it can determine whether or not it can admit the call this decision is based on the existing commitments, traffic specification, and the requested type of service

7 IntServ: Service Classes The IntServ architecture adds two service classes to the existing best effort model: 1. Guaranteed Quality of Service (RFC 2212): provides mathematical bounds on the queuing delay a packet will encounter at a router. Traffic characteristics modelled by a leaky bucket flow with parameters (r,b) 2. Control Load Network Service (RFC 2211): such a session will receive a QoS closely approximating the QoS that same flow would receive from an unloaded network element. Hence, assume a very high success in forwarding packets, with very little packet loss (assumes that this is the only traffic) The Controlled Load service targets real-time multimedia applications that have been developed for today s internet

8 ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) A signalling protocol is needed to enable resource reservation in the Internet RSVP is such a protocol (RFC 2205) In the context of the internet our resources are generally the link bandwidth and the router buffers. RSVP enables a host to reserve bandwidth on the behalf of an application data flow which is then used by routers to forward these bandwidth requests RSVP software must be present in the receivers, senders and the routers Two principal characteristics: 1. Provides reservation for bandwidth in multicast requests 2. It is receiver-oriented (the receiver of the data flow initiates and maintains the resource reservation used for that flow) RSVP is a signalling protocol Allows hosts to establish and tear down reservations for data flows

9 RSVP Session In RSVP, a session can include multiple (multicast) data flows streams. Each sender is the source of one or more data flows such as a video and audio flow Each data flow has the same multicast address Routers and hosts identify the session to which a packet belongs by the packet s multicast address A simplification of reality, RSVP allows more general methods to identify a session Within a session, the data flow to which a packet belongs also needs to be identified Sender Receiver1 Receiver2 Receiver3 Reservation request merge as the move upwards in the multicast-tree

10 RSVP Does Not Specify how the network provides the bandwidth to data flows Provide routing Does not determine the links where the reservations are to be made An underlying routing protocol (unicast or multicast) is used to determine the routes for the flows RSVP merely enables reservation of link bandwidth Once these reservations are in place, it is up to the routers to provide the reserved bandwidth to the data flows Achieved with scheduling mechanisms such as priority, scheduling and weighted fair queue When a route changes RSVP re-reserves resources RSVP is therefore one piece in the QoS puzzle

11 Unicast Vs Multicast Unicast Multicast

12 Source vs Hop by Hop Routing The routing operations of finding out how to get from here to there, and then actually getting from here to there, can be done in two (very different) basic ways. In source routing, all the information about how to get from here to there is first collected at the source ("here"), which puts it into the packets that it launches toward the destination ("there"). The job of the intervening network (with its collection of links and intermediate systems) is simply to read the routing information from the packets and act on it faithfully. In hop-by-hop routing, the source is not expected to have all the information about how to get from here to there; it is sufficient for the source to know only how to get to the "next hop" (perhaps an intermediate system to which it has a working link), and for that system to know how to get to the next hop, and so on until the destination is reached. The job of the intervening network in this case is more complicated; it has only the address of the destination (rather than a complete specification of the route by the source) with which to figure out the best "next hop" for each packet.

13 Heterogeneous Receivers Receivers can accept flows at different rates 28.8 kbps -128 kbps -10 Mbps Should sender encode for the lowest rate or for the highest rate? Video and audio is encoded in layers The base layer could have a rate of 20 kbps, and an enhancement layer could have a rate of 100 kbps Hence, the receivers with different rates could receive different layers To construct a quality image/sound locally In this case, sender does not need to know receiving rates of all receivers Only the maximum rate of all its receivers in needed The receivers then automatically pick up suitable layers from the multicast stream Receivers must communicate to the network the rates they can handle Via a reservation message Specialised Path Messages let routers know the links on which they should forward the reservation messages from senders to receivers

14 Reservation Style A reservation style specifies whether merging of reservations from the same session is permissible Also specifies the session senders from which a receiver desires to receive data A router, for instance, can determine the sender of a datagram from its source IP address Three different reservation styles: 1. Wildcard-filter style: When a receiver uses this style, it is telling the network that it wants to receive all flows from all upstream senders in the session, and that bandwidth reservation is to be shared between senders 2. Fixed-filter style: Receiver specifies a list of senders from which it wants to receive a data flow along with a bandwidth reservation for each of these senders. These reservations are not to be shared 3. Shared-explicitly style: Receiver specifies a list of senders from which it wants to receive a data flow along with a single bandwidth reservation request. This reservation request is to be shared between all the senders in the list 2 is appropriate for video-conferencing 1 and 3 are appropriate for a multicast session where sources are unlikely to transmit simultaneously e.g. packetized speech (not everyone talks at the same time)

15 Transport and Reservation Messages RSVP messages are sent hop-by-hop over IP Hence RSVP is placed in information field of the IP datagram (protocol number set to 46) RSVP messages can also get lost, as IP is unreliable A replacement refresh should be sent if this happens RSVP reservation message has IP of source and IP of destination multicast router in its IP datagram When received at router the IP fields are stripped, and handed to the RSVP module of router This module examines the style type, its multicast address (session identifier), current state, and then acts appropriately For instance, it may merge this reservation with a reservation from another interface, and send new reservation message to next router upstream

16 Insufficient Resources Since a reservation request may be a merged request, reservation error must be reported to all concerned receivers use of ResvError messages Receivers can then reduce the amount of resources they request and try again RSVP can facilitate backtracking of the reservations when suitable resources are not available If large request from one receiver are merged with lots of small requests from other receivers, it is possible for large request to override small ones Blockade state Block out offending receiver always requesting large amount of resources repeatedly, and preventing other receivers from getting their small requests RSVP is quite complicated!

17 IntServ and RSVP Problems Based on RSVP per-flow resource reservation, it is possible to provide QoS guarantees to individual flows IntServ and RSVP based reservation however have problems: Scalability: routers must maintain state information for each flow passing through it. This is a considerable overhead Flexible Service Model: Intserv framework only provides a small number of pre-specified service classes (for providing relative services) This is restrictive, as more qualitative or relative definitions cannot be provided by an application to better reflect the application demands

18 Contents Common QoS Approaches Best Effort Integrated Services Differentiated Services

19 Differentiated Services Differentiated Services (DiffServ) Another particular architecture for providing QoS Packets are marked according to the type of service they need. In response to these markings, routers and switches use various queuing strategies to tailor performance to requirements. Routers supporting DiffServ use multiple queues for packets awaiting transmission from bandwidth constrained (e.g., wide area) interfaces. Router vendors provide different capabilities for configuring this behaviour, to include the number of queues supported, the relative priorities of queues, and bandwidth reserved for each queue. In practice, when a packet must be forwarded from an interface with queuing, packets requiring low jitter (e.g., VoIP or VTC) are given priority over packets in other queues. Typically, some bandwidth is allocated by default to network control packets (e.g., ICMP and routing protocols), while best effort traffic might simply be given whatever bandwidth is left over. Some of the problems of Intserv/RSVP are being handled by the IETF in the Diffserv model (scalability and flexible service differentiation)

20 Traffic Classification and Conditioning A DiffServ field carried within a packet (IPv6) replaces the Type-of-Service (ToS) field The 6 bit Differentiated Service Code Point (DSCP) defines how the packet behaves at every hop within the network This acts as a mark to identify a particular class for the packet

21 Edge Behaviour The DSCP field is set before the packet enters a network (at network edge) At a DiffServ capable host or a DiffServ capable router Packets arriving at a DiffServ capable host or router are first classified, based on their source/destination address, source/destination protocol, protocol ID etc Then based on this, are steered to the appropriate making function The classification is based on pre-defined rules Defined either by a network administrator, or a yet-undefined signalling protocol

22 DiffServ Chain At each subsequent DiffServ capable router along the chain to the destination, packets are given service based on their marks Packet marking could be achieved on a number of complicated schemes related to number of packets sent from a source (traffic profile of source), a negotiated traffic profile (monitored via a metering function) DiffServ does not mandate any specific policy for what marking and conditioning (shaping) is actually to be achieved with the sent packets

23 Per-Hop Behaviour Per-Hop Behaviour (PHB) is the second important aspect of DiffServ architecture, after edge behaviour PHB involves a number of considerations: 1. A PHB can result in different classes of traffic receiving different performance (i.e. have a different externally observable forwarding behaviour in DiffServ terminology) 2. PHB only defines differences in performance (behaviours) between classes, not how these performance differences are to be achieved (hence any implementation mechanism will suffice, provided the externally specified behaviour is achieved) 3. PHB could involve different buffer/bandwidth allocation schemes 4. Differences in performance must be observable and measurable

24 Example PHB 1. Expedited Forwarding (EF): departure rate of a class of traffic from a router must equal or exceed a configured rate. This essentially means that a given class of traffic must be guaranteed enough bandwidth to meet or exceed a given minimum rate 2. Assured Forwarding (AF): divides traffic into four classes, where each AF class is guaranteed to be provided with some minimum amount of bandwidth and buffering. In each of the four classes, there are three additional drop preference categories. If congestion occurs within an AF class, a router can then discard (drop) packets based on their drop preference values (RFC 2597)

25 Per-Hop Example Behaviour Provide a guarantee that packets of a given class mark receive at least XX% of the outgoing link bandwidth over some interval of time. One class of traffic will always receive strict priority over another If both high-quality and low-quality packets are present in router queue at the same time for instance EF implies some level of isolation, as guarantee is made independently of traffic intensity of other classes arriving at a router AF per-hop behaviour can be used to provide different levels of service based on drop preference values Traffic demands and rate of a given service class must be taken into account, in addition to resource reservation requests for a given class, when considering per-hop behaviour

26 Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) MPLS is similar to DiffServ, as it marks traffic at ingress boundaries in a network, and un-marks at egress points. But unlike DiffServ, which uses the marking to determine the priority within the router, MPLS markings (20-bit labels) are primarily designed to determine the next router hop. MPLS resides only on routers MPLS is a protocol-independent, it can be used with network protocols other than IP (like IPX, ATM, PPP or Frame-Relay) or directly over the data-link layer as well.

27 MPLS Ingress router Egress router MPLS simplifies the routing process (decreases overhead to increase performance)

28 Label Switching Route The process used by the MPLS-enabled routers is called Label Switching Route (LSR). It functions as follows: At the first hop router in the MPLS network (ingress router), the router makes a forwarding decision based on the destination address or any other information in the header, as determined by local policy, then determines the appropriate label value. This identifies the Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) and attaches the label to the packet and forwards it to the next hop At the next hop, the router uses the label value as an index into a table that specifies the next hop and a new label. The LSR attaches the new label, then forwards the packet to the next hop. The route taken by the MPLS-labelled packet is called Label Switched Path (LSP). An advantage of using MPLS routers is that there is less work to do and they can act more like simple switches

29 Lecture Review In this lecture we have: Looked and compared techniques of Integrated service and Differentiated service provision. In particular the RSVP protocol and MPLS approach

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