PIC 40A. Lecture 1: The Internet. Copyright 2011 Jukka Virtanen UCLA 1 03/31/14
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1 PIC 40A Lecture 1: The Internet 03/31/14 Copyright 2011 Jukka Virtanen UCLA 1
2 What is the Internet? For this class we use the following definition: The Internet is a network of networks. Ok. What is a network? 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
3 Networks A network is two or more computers connected together to share resources, or to communicate with each other. Computers on a network may be connected via direct cable, telephone lines, satellites etc. There are two main types of networks: LAN and WAN 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
4 LAN (Local Area Network) LANs are usually a small collection of computers sharing resources. Typically a LAN is confined to a small geographic area. School, home etc. One computer is the file server. It stores the software that controls the network. Other computers (called workstations) connect to the server. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
5 WAN (Wide Area Network) Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect larger geographic areas like California, the United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cables or satellites are used to connect a WAN. To users WAN appears to function much like a LAN. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
6 The Internet Started by U.S. Department of Defense Originally called ARPAnet(Advanced Research Projects Agency) First node at UCLA (1969) (Connection between UCLA and Stanford) 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
7 Caution! Do not confuse the Internet with the web! Web is part of the Internet. Web is the resource of particular kinds of documents on the Internet. The Internet is the vast collection of computer networks and resources. Much of the data exchanged on the Internet has nothing to do with the web. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
8 How does the internet work? There is a great article on the web explaining all the details in a fairly understandable manner. hitepaper/index.html I will put the link on our useful links page. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
9 Structure of the internet The internet is built around large robust fast networks called the backbones or Network Service Providers. Examples of NSP are companies like: IBM, Cisco, UUNet, Cerfnet, Sprintnet etc. Each NSP connects to at least three Network Access Points (NAPs). At the NAPs the data may pass from one major backbone to another. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
10 Structure of the internet 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
11 How does the Internet work? Let's assume that you want to access a webpage on the web. What happens after you type in the web address? Web pages are text documents that your web browser interprets and displays with nice formatting, graphics etc. Web pages must be stored somewhere. They don't just float on the internet. They are on some server's hard drive. So to get a particular webpage your computer has to find this server on the Internet and ask for the webpage! 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
12 How does my computer find another computer on the net? Does every computer know where every other computer is online? No! The key ideas are IP addresses and routers. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
13 How does my computer find another computer on the net? Does every computer know where every other computer is online? No! The key ideas are IP addresses and routers. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
14 IP Addresses IP stands for Internet Protocol Every computer on the Internet has a unique IP address. You can think of IP address as a address of a house. IP address is of form nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn where nnn is a number e.g /31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
15 Router Router is like a mail sorting station. Router contains a table of addresses. One router typically forwards data to the next router. Only knows about sub-net works. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
16 How data gets routed 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
17 Domain names What is this junk with IP numbers. I have never written a number into my browser! Well you could. corresponds to a number Routers need IP addresses to direct traffic but people want to type in domain names. Lets first talk about what domain names are. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
18 Domain names Every domain name (the internet address of a host you type into browser e.g corresponds to an IP number. There are databases that record what domain names corresponds to what IP addresses. This is called Domain Name Service (DNS).. The DNS is structured as a hierarchy similar to the IP routing hierarchy. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
19 Fully-qualified domain name Fully-qualified domain name specifies the exact location of a host in the tree hierarchy of the Domain Name System. A domain is a collection of hosts. Domains can contain other domains. Example of a fully-qualified domain name: laguna.pic.ucla.edu Host name: laguna Enclosing domain of laguna: pic Enclosing domain of pic: ucla Top-level domain: edu Top level domain id s type of organization in which host resides. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
20 Examples of top level domains Some top level domains com Commercial net Network (a second com) org Organization edu Education gov Government mil Military Some Country Codes au Australia ca Canada cn China de Germany es Spain fr France it Italy jp Japan mx Mexico ru Russia uk United Kingdom 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
21 Internet Protocols Devices on the Internet communicate via Internet protocols. Protocol is a set of rules governing the format of data exchange. TCP / IP Stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. Two different protocols working together. To be part of the Internet, devices must communicate with each other using the protocol TCP/IP. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
22 TCP When sending data TCP protocol takes the data you want to send and chops it up into "packets" When receiving data TCP protocol takes the packets and reassembles them. TCP is also responsible for: Directing data to the correct application. Error correcting. Sending confirmation messages for each packet received. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
23 IP IP protocol takes each packet and adds to it the receivers address and sends the packets on to your hardware to be sent to the internet. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
24 URI URI stands for uniform resource identifier URIs can be classified as URLs (locators) or as URNs (names), or as both URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator URN stands for Uniform Resource Name Think of URL as an address of a person Think of URN as a name of a person 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
25 What is a URL? URL specifies a resource and its location on the web. common form a of URL is is a fully-qualified domain name. /~virtanen/40a.112 specifies a directory on the server index.html is a file on the server http specifies the transfer method for the file being requested. Other possible transfer schemes are: gopher:, ftp, mailto. URLs are case insensitive. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
26 What is a URN? URNs allows us to talk about resources by name but gives no indication on how to locate it. URNs are often used to specify namespaces. 03/31/14 Copyright Jukka Virtanen
27 What is hypertext? Hypertext is a document or documents containing hyperlinks to other documents Hypertext with sound, images, video, or other media is hypermedia. Copyright Jukka Virtanen 2011
28 What is the World Wide Web? The vast collection of resources, hypertext, and hypermedia stored on Internet hosts accessed by Web clients eg Microsoft IE, Mozilla Firefox, Safari provided by Web servers eg Apache, Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) To be "on the Web", hosts must communicate with each other using the protocol HTTP Copyright Jukka Virtanen 2011
29 Tim Berners-Lee Invented HTML in 1989 Wrote HTTP Developed the first Web client and server in 1990 Founded the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), a standardization organization whose standardized technologies are called recommendations. Copyright Jukka Virtanen 2011
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