Mobile Computing IEEE Standard 9/11/12. CSE 40814/60814 Fall 2012

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1 Mobile Computing CSE 40814/60814 Fall 2012 IEEE IEEE (Ins4tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) established the Group in Specifica4ons for standard ra4fied in Ini4al speeds were 1 and 2 Mbps. IEEE modified the standard in 1999 to include: b a g was added in IEEE created standard, but Wi- Fi Alliance cer4fies products Standard is primarily concerned with the lower layers of the OSI model. Data Link Layer Logical Link Control (LLC). Medium Access Control (MAC). Physical Layer Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP). Physical Medium Dependent (PMD). 1

2 Wi-Fi Alliance Mission Statement Non- profit organiza4on Cer4fy the interoperability of products and services based on IEEE technology Grow the global market for Wi- Fi CERTIFIED products and services across all market segments, pla\orms, and applica4ons Rigorous interoperability tes4ng requirements New Certificate & Logo Certificate inside packaging (optional) Logo on product packaging (mandatory) Helps retailers and consumers Wi-Fi Standards Cont b: Typical Data Rate 6Mbit/s Max Data Rate 11Mbit/s Range Indoor Approx. 100 Feet Range Outdoor Approx. 300 Feet 2

3 802.11b Standard Well- supported, stable, and cost effec4ve, but runs in the 2.4 GHz range that makes it prone to interference from other devices (microwave ovens, cordless phones, etc) and also has security disadvantages. Limits the number of access points in range of each other to three. Has 11 channels, with 3 non- overlapping, and supports rates from 1 to 11 Mbps, but realis4cally about 4-5 Mbps max. Uses direct- sequence spread- spectrum technology. Channels 3

4 Wi-Fi Standards a: Typical Data Rate 25Mbit/s Max Data Rate 54Mbit/s Range Indoor Approx. 75 Feet Range Outdoor Approx. 225 Feet a Standard Completely different from 11b and 11g. Flexible because mul4ple channels can be combined for faster throughput and more access points can be co- located. Shorter range than 11b and 11g. Runs in the 5 GHz range, so less interference from other devices. Has 12 channels, 8 non- overlapping, and supports rates from 6 to 54 Mbps, but realis4cally about 27 Mbps max Uses frequency division mul4plexing Wi-Fi Standards Cont g: Typical Data Rate 25Mbit/s Max Data Rate 54Mbit/s Range Indoor Approx. 75 Feet Range Outdoor Approx. 225 Feet 4

5 802.11g Standard Extension of b, with the same disadvantages (security and interference). Has a shorter range than b. Is backwards compa4ble with b so it allows or a smooth transi4on from 11b to 11g. Flexible because mul4ple channels can be combined for faster throughput, but limited to one access point. Runs at 54 Mbps, but realis4cally about Mbps and about 14 Mbps when b associated Uses frequency division mul4plexing Wi-Fi Standards Cont n: Typical Data Rate 200Mbit/s Max Data Rate 540Mbit/s Range Indoor Approx. 150 Feet Range Outdoor Approx. 375 Feet Advantages Freedom You can work from any loca4on that you can get a signal. Setup Cost No cabling required. Flexibility Quick and easy to setup in temp or permanent space. Scaleable Can be expanded with growth. Mobile Access Can access the network on the move. 5

6 Disadvantages Speed Slower than cable. Range Affected by various medium. Travels best through open space. Reduced by walls, glass, water, etc Security Greater exposure to risks. Unauthorized access. Compromising data. Denial of service. Wireless LAN Networks WLAN Architecture Ad Hoc Mode Ad-Hoc mode: Peer-to-peer setup where clients can connect to each other directly. Generally not used for business networks. 6

7 Ad Hoc Structure Mobile stations communicate to each other directly. It s set up for a special purpose and for a short period of time. For example, the participants of a meeting in a conference room may create an ad hoc network at the beginning of the meeting and dissolve it when the meeting ends. WLAN Architecture--Mesh Mesh: Every client in the network also acts as an access or relay point, creating a selfhealing and (in theory) infinitely extensible network. Not yet in widespread use, unlikely to be in homes. WLAN Architecture Infrastructure Mode To Wired Network 7

8 Infrastructure network There is an Access Point (AP), which becomes the hub of a star topology. Any communication has to go through AP. If a Mobile Station (MS), like a computer, a PDA, or a phone, wants to communicate with another MS, it needs to send the information to AP first, then AP sends it to the destination MS Multiple APs can be connected together and handle a large number of clients. Used by the majority of WLANs in homes and businesses. Comparison of Two Structures Infrastructure Ad hoc Expansion X Flexibility X Control X Routing X Coverage X Reliability X Roaming In an extended service area, a mobile station (MS) can roam from one BSS (Basic Service Set) to another. Roughly speaking, the MS keeps checking the beacon signal sent by each AP and select the strongest one and connect to that AP. If the BSSs overlap, the connection will not be interrupted when an MS moves from one set to another. If not, the service will be interrupted. Two BSSs coverage areas can largely overlap to increase the capacity for a particular area. If so, the two access points will use different channels. 8

9 Wi-Fi network services Distribution and integration Association, re-association, and disassociation Authentication and deauthentication Providing privacy Distribution This service is used by mobile stations in an infrastructure network every time they send data. Once a frame has been accepted by an access point, it uses the distribution service to deliver the frame to its destination. Any communication that uses an access point travels through the distribution service, including communications between two mobile stations associated with the same access point. Integration Integration is a service provided by the distribution system; it allows the connection of the distribution system to a non-ieee network. The integration function is specific to the distribution system used and therefore is not specified by , except in terms of the services it must offer. 9

10 Association Delivery of frames to mobile stations is made possible because mobile stations register, or associate, with access points. The distribution system can then use the registration information to determine which access point to use for any mobile station. Reassociation When a mobile station moves between basic service areas within a single extended service area, it must evaluate signal strength and perhaps switch the access point with which it is associated. Reassociations are initiated by mobile stations when signal conditions indicate that a different association would be beneficial; they are never initiated by the access point. After the reassociation is complete, the distribution system updates its location records to reflect the reachability of the mobile station through a different access point. Disassociation To terminate an existing association, stations may use the disassociation service. When stations invoke the disassociation service, any mobility data stored in the distribution system is removed. Once disassociation is complete, it is as if the station is no longer attached to the network. Disassociation is a polite task to do during the station shutdown process. The MAC is, however, designed to accommodate stations that leave the network without formally disassociating. 10

11 Authetication/deauthentication Physical security is a major component of a wired LAN security solution. Wired network s equipment can be locked inside offices. Wireless networks cannot offer the same level of physical security, however, and therefore must depend on additional authentication routines to ensure that users accessing the network are authorized to do so. Authentication is a necessary prerequisite to association because only authenticated users are authorized to use the network. (In practice, though, many access points are configured for "open-system" mode and will authenticate any station.) Deauthentication terminates an authenticated relationship. Because authentication is needed before network use is authorized, a side effect of deauthentication is termination of any current association. 11

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