It is the process of sharing data, programs, and information between two or more computers.

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1 1 Communications It is the process of sharing data, programs, and information between two or more computers. Numerous applications depend on communication systems: Instant messaging (IM) Internet telephone Electronic commerce Connectivity - Connectivity is a concept related to using computer networks to link people and resources. - Example: Microcomputers, minicomputers, and mainframes can all be connected Wireless revolution - Use of mobile or wireless devices - The revolution is the support of more than just the wireless telephone - Many devices can and will connect to one another without any physical connection Communication Systems - Electronic systems that transmit data from one location to another. - Communication systems can be wired or wireless.

2 2 Communication Systems have 4 basic elements - Sending and receiving devices \Computer or a specialized communication device - Communication channel \ Carries the message - Connection devices \ Act as an interface between sending and receiving devices; convert outgoing messages into packets that can travel across the communication channel. - Data transmission specifications \ Rules and procedures that coordinate the sending and receiving devices Communication Channels Channels carry data from one computer to another Two categories of communication channels 1. -Physical connection Use a solid medium to connect sending and receiving devices. Include: a) twisted-pair cable: a. Telephone lines b. Ethernet cables Used in networks and to connect a variety of components to the system unit. Pairs of copper wire twisted together of twisted pair cable; slowest; being phased out by more advanced and reliable media

3 3 b) Coaxial cable a. High frequency transmission b. Single solid-copper core ; 80 times transmission of twisted pair; television and computer networks. c) Fiber-optic cable a. Transmit data as pulses of light through glass b. Higher, faster and more reliable c. Fiber optic 26,000 times capacity of twisted pair cable; more secure and reliable; best over limited distances; lighter, more reliable, and less expensive than coaxial cable 2. Wireless Connections Wireless connections do not use a solid substance to connect; uses the air itself Types of wireless connections are: Radio frequency (RF): uses radio signals Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) Bluetooth WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) Microwave: uses high frequency radio waves Line of sight Good medium for sending data between buildings.

4 4 Satellite: uses satellites orbiting about 35,ooo km above the earth as microwave relay stations. Uplink refers to send and receive data to satellite Downlink refers to receiving data from a Satellite Important application: GPS (Global positioning system) use a network of 24 satellites owned and managed by the Defense Department which continuously sends location information to earth Infrared: Light waves used over Short distances line of sight communication Sending and receiving devices must be in clear view of one another Broadcast radio: Uses towers called transceivers Communication Channels: Summary

5 5 Connection Devices Types of signals: Analog & Digital Sent analog telephone signals; continuous electronic wave Sent digital computer signals; presence or absence of an electronic pulse; on/off Modem: a short word for modulator-demodulator Modulation: converting signal from digital to analog Demodulation: converting signal from analog to digital The speed of transmitting data measured in thousands of bits (kilobits) per second (Kbps). The higher the speed, the faster you can send and receive information. 4 types of Modems: Telephone modem: - Can be either internal or external; connects computer directly to a telephone line. DSL (digital subscriber line): - Uses standard phone lines; external and uses either USB or Ethernet ports. Cable modem: - Uses the same coaxial cable as your television; uses either USB or Ethernet Wireless modem: - Small plug-in USB or Express Card provides high speed connectivity. - Also known as WWAN (wireless wide are network modem) - Signals are sent through the air

6 6 Connection Services Dial-Up services Leased lines T1 T3 and DS3 have higher capacity These lines have replaced by Optical Carrier (OC) which is much faster. Digital subscriber line (DSL) service: Provided by telephone companies Uses existing telephone lines to provide high-speed connections. Uses existing phone lines One type widely used is ADSL. Cable service: Provided by cable television companies. Uses existing TV cable faster than DSL Satellite connection services: Use satellite to provide wireless connection Available almost anywhere using a satellite receiving disk. Slower than DSL & cable modem

7 7 Cellular Services: Use 3G and 4G cellular networks Provide wireless connectivity to the internet Lower speed Data Transmission: Bandwidth Bandwidth: is a measurement of the capacity of the channel (how much information can move across the communication channel) Categories: 1) Voice band also known as low bandwidth, used for telephone line. 2) Medium band used for special leased line to connect minicomputers and mainframes and transmit data over long distance. 3) Broadband used for DSL, cable and satellite connections to the internet 4) Baseband used to connect local computers near to each other. Protocols Rules for exchanging data between computers Standard for Internet: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) Essential features of this protocol: 1- Identifying sending and receiving devices 2- Breaking information into small parts for transmission across the internet. (IP address) Internet protocol address. (DNS) domain name server \ converts text-based addresses to IP addresses

8 8 Networks A computer network is a communication system that connects two or more computers so that they can exchange information and share resources Node any device connected to a network Client a node that requests and uses resources available from other nodes. Server a node that shares resources with other nodes; dedicated servers specialize in performing specific tasks could be an application server, communication server, database server, file server, printer server, or Web server. Directory server a specialized server that manages resources such as user accounts for an entire network. Host large centralized computer. Switch the center or central node for other nodes; previously done by something called a hub. Network interface cards (NIC) connects the computer to a network Network operating system (NOS) software to control and coordinate activities between computers on a network Network administrator a computer specialist; network administrator

9 9 Network Types Communications networks differ in geographical size. Three important types are: LANs ( local area networks ) - Computers and devices linked in close proximity to each other - Linked by cable - Typically use a bus form of organization - With gateways, LANs can be connected to other LANs or any other type of network. Ethernet is one standard for connecting network nodes together. Home Networks - LANs are now being commonly used by individuals in home/apartments; allow different computers to share resources including a common Internet connection. - Home networking includes the following: Radio frequency, telephone lines, electric wiring, cables, NIC/adapter cards. Wireless LAN (WLAN) wireless local area network : - All communications pass through the network s centrally located wireless access point or base station - Access points are known as hotspot and use Wi-Fi technology. Personal Area networks (PAN) - works within a very small area around 30 feet - Connects cell phones to headsets, PDAs to other PDAs, keyboards to cell phones, etc.

10 10 Metropolitan area network (MANs) - also known as a regional network; span distances up to 100 miles - Network linking nodes and resources within the geographical bounds of a city - Cellular phones can extend the reach of a MAN wide area networks (WANs) - Countrywide and worldwide networks - Use microwave relays and satellites to reach users - Internet is the widest WAN Network Architecture Describes how a network is arranged and how resources are coordinated and shared Arrangement is called Topology Types of network topology 1) Star: each device connected directly to a central network switch. Most common type today. 2) Tree (hierarchical): a central node connected to subordinate nodes and so forth, forming a treelike structure often used to share corporate wide date. 3) Mesh: newest, each node has two or more connecting nodes, data can be routed around disrupted path. Used in wireless technology.

11 11 Strategies: Every network has a strategy or way of sharing information and resources. Common strategies are: 1) Client/server (hierarchical) network: - Central computer coordinate and supply services to other nodes; based on specialization of nodes. - Widely used in internet - Handle very large networks - Has Powerful management software 2) Peer-to-Peer network: - Nodes have equal authority and act as both client and server - Widely used to share movie, games and music over the internet - Easy to setup and use - Has low security control

12 12 Organizational Networks Internet Technology Most organizations face the challenge of making different networks work together effectively and securely. Intranet: - Private network within an organization that resembles the internet - Uses browser,web sites and web pages - Provides information to employees ( addresses, telephone directories...etc) Extranet: - Private network that connects organizations - Used to allow suppliers and others access - Purpose is to increase efficiency and reduce costs Network Security Firewalls - Consist of hardware & software - Control access to a company s intranet - Protects against external threats - Use a special computer or software called proxy server - Proxy server: Decides whether it is safe to let a file or a message pass into or out of the organization s network.

13 13 Intrusion detection systems (NIDS) - Work with firewalls to protect an organization network - Use sophisticated statistical techniques to recognize and disable network attack - Uses advanced pattern matching and heuristics - Can recognize signs of a network attack and disable access before an intruder can do damage Virtual private network (VPN) - Secure private connection between a remote user and an organizations internal network. - Dedicated line between a user s home or laptop computer and a company server. - The connection is encrypted

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