Switching Networks (Fall 2010) EE 586 Communication and. August 30, Lecture 3. (modified by Cheung for EE586; based on K&R original) 1-1
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1 EE 586 Communication and Switching Networks (Fall 2010) Lecture 3 August 30, 2010 (modified by Cheung for EE586; based on K&R original) 1-1
2 Announcements Read Chapter 1 Homework Small revision of the Wireshark problem Due Friday in class (modified by Cheung for EE586; based on K&R original) 1-2
3 Network core: network of networks roughly hierarchical Center: tier-1 s : national/international coverage Fully connected & no payment for transit Internet backbone ( Gbps) AT&T, Global Crossing, Level 3, NTT, Qwest, Sprint Tata, Verizon, Savvis, TeliaSonera (10 networks) Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately Introduction 1-3
4 Internet structure: network of networks Tier-2 s: smaller (often regional) s Connect to one or more tier-1 s, possibly other tier-2 s Major difference with Tier-1: Tier-2 s pay Tier-2 pays tier-1 for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 is customer of tier-1 provider Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier-2 s also peer privately with each other. Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier-2 Introduction 1-4
5 Internet structure: network of networks Tier-3 s and s last hop ( access ) network (closest to end systems) Major difference w/ Tier-2: Tier-3 don t talk to Tier-1 directly Local and tier- 3 s are customers of higher tier s connecting them to rest of Internet Tier 3 Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier-2 Introduction 1-5
6 Hierarchical versus Complete # of links = n(n-1)/2 Geographical constraint # of links ~ n Most links connect neighbors only (modified by Cheung for EE586; based on K&R original) 1-6
7 The Network Core mesh of interconnected routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks (modified by Cheung for EE586; based on K&R original) 1-7
8 Network Core: Circuit Switching End-end resources reserved for call link bandwidth, switch capacity divided into pieces dedicated resource pieces: no sharing resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing) circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required Blocking possible (modified by Cheung for EE586; based on K&R original) 1-8
9 Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM FDM Example: 4 users frequency TDM time frequency time Introduction 1-9
10 Numerical example How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network? All links are Mbps Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit Let s work it out! (modified by Cheung for EE586; based on K&R original) 1-10
11 Network Core: Packet Switching each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth No reservation of resources link time resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use store and forward: packets move one hop at a time Node receives complete packet before forwarding packets from various connections Introduction 1-11
12 Packet-switching: store-and-forward L R R R store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link Why not cut-through? Example: L = 7.5 Mbits, R = 1.5 Mbps, 3 hops delay = # hops L/R 1-12
13 Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing A 100 Mb/s Ethernet statistical multiplexing C B queue of packets waiting for output link 1.5 Mb/s D E Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on demand statistical multiplexing. Contrast with Time Division Multiplexing: No waiting and waste but may get stuck at queues (or worst, dropped)! Introduction 1-13
14 Packet switching versus circuit switching 1. Packet switching allows more users to use network! 1 Mb/s link each user: 100 kb/s when active active 10% of time circuit-switching: N users 10 users Guarantee no loss packet switching: Statistical guarantee 35 users Prob(loss) = Prob(>10 active users) = 4e-4 1 Mbps link Q: how did we get value ? Introduction 1-14
15 Binomial Distribution The probability of getting k tails in n coin tosses with a biased coin giving tail p % at a time. n = # of users tail = an active user k = # of active users Assumptions: Independent users Independent transmission P(k<=10; n=35, p-0.1) =
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