In the name of God, the most merciful Communication and Networking

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1 In the name of God, the most merciful Communication and Networking In these slides, many figures have been taken from the Internet during my search in Google. Due to the lack of space and diversity of references, most of the references have not been cited here. I would like to sincerely thank all of these useful references for their valuable help.

2 Communication Transmitters and Receivers: Transceivers

3 Networking

4 Types of Transmission

5 Analog Data Transmission

6 Wired

7 Wireless FM Transmitter BH1417 TEA5767 Philips Programmable Low-power FM Stereo Radio Module

8 Digital Data Transmission

9 Digital Data Transmission Wired Communication (Cable Media)

10

11 Digital Data Transmission Wired Communication (Cable Media) Parallel Bus

12

13 ISA: Industry Standard Architecture

14 Parallel ATA (IDE) Internal HDD

15

16 A Modem (modulator demodulator) is a network hardware device that modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. Dial-up modem Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a connection to an Internet service provider (ISP) by dialing a telephone number on a conventional telephone line. The user's computer or router uses an attached modem to encode and decode information into and from audio frequency signals, respectively.

17 Digital Data Transmission Wired Communication (Cable Media) Serial Bus

18

19 RS232 Recommended Standard 232 Introduced in 1960 An RS-232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer, used for connections to modems, printers, mice, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices. However, RS-232, when compared to other serial interfaces such as RS-422, RS-485 and Ethernet, is hampered by low transmission speed, short maximum cable length, large voltage swing, large standard connectors, no multipoint capability and limited multi-drop capability. In modern personal computers, USB has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles. Example:

20 RS232 to TTL Converter Module

21 USART: Universal Synchronous & Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Full-Duplex One of the more common baud rates, especially for simple stuff where speed isn't critical, is 9600 bps. Other standard baud are 1200, 2400, 4800, 19200, 38400, 57600, and Three-wire Bus

22

23

24 Example: Dynamixel servo motors

25 Example: USB to UART (TTL) Converter Module (FT232)

26 RS485 The diagram below shows potentials of the '+' and ' ' pins of an RS-485 line during transmission of one byte (0xD3, least significant bit first) of data using an asynchronous start-stop method.

27 Example:

28 Analog Transmission, RS232, RS485, Ethernet, have been widely used in different types of Industrial Computer Networks (Automation protocols) for Real-time Distributed Control Systems (DCS). We will consider them in Industrial Control course.

29 PS/2 Example:

30 One-Wire (Single Bus Communication) Half Duplex Example: 1-Wire is a device communications bus system designed by Dallas Semiconductor Corp. that provides low-speed data, signaling, and power over a single conductor. 1-Wire is similar in concept to I²C, but with lower data rates and longer range. It is typically used to communicate with small inexpensive devices such as digital thermometers and weather instruments. When a dedicated 1-Wire interface peripheral is not available, a UART can be used to implement a 1-wire bus master

31 I2C (Inter-IC) / Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Half Duplex

32

33

34 Example: DHT12

35 Example: LM75

36 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Full Duplex Four-wire (Three-wire) Bus Typical SPI bus: master and three independent slaves Daisy-chained SPI bus: master and cooperative slaves

37 UART vs. SPI vs. I2C Full Duplex Full Duplex Half Duplex

38

39

40

41 Example: AVR On-board Programming AVR ISP Programmer (In-Sytem programmer) for ATMEL

42 Example: SSD: Memory Card

43 At Command At Command List of HC08 Bluetooth Module

44 JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) Debugging

45 VGA I2C-Available HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface (Up to 48 Gbit/s in HDMI 2.1)

46 Example:

47

48 USB (Universal Serial Bus) D+ and D-: Differential Pair Half-duplex data transfers for USB 2.0. USB 3.0 provides two additional differential pairs (four wires, SSTx+, SSTx, SSRx+ and SSRx ), providing full-duplex data transfers at SuperSpeed, which makes it similar to Serial ATA or single-lane PCI Express.

49

50 Differential signaling Elimination of noise by using differential signaling

51 Example: A USB 2.0 PCI expansion card

52 Example: External HDD SSD: Flash Memory

53

54

55 Arduino Pro Micro

56 Ethernet Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). RJ45 Connector and CAT6 Cable

57 Example:

58 Based on MAC Address Based on IP Address The Ethernet physical layer evolved over a considerable time span and encompasses coaxial, twisted pair and fiber-optic physical media interfaces, with speeds from 10 Mbit/s to 100 Gbit/s, with 400 Gbit/s expected by 2018

59 Example: Internet

60 Digital Data Transmission Wireless Communication (Wireless Media)

61 Infrared Wireless

62 Optical: Barcode Reader

63 Magnetic: Magnetic Strip Card

64 ASK RF Modules

65 FSK RF Modules

66 The module can use 125 different channels which gives a possibility to have a network of 125 independently working modems in one place. Each channel can have up to 6 addresses, or each unit can communicate with up to 6 other units at the same time.

67

68 NFC (Near Field Communication) Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establish communication by bringing them within 4 cm (1.6 in) of each other. NFC devices are used in contactless payment systems, similar to those used in credit cards and electronic ticket smartcards and allow mobile payment to replace/supplement these systems. This is sometimes referred to as NFC/CTLS (Contactless) or CTLS NFC. NFC is used for social networking, for sharing contacts, photos, videos or files.[2] NFC-enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents and keycards. NFC offers a low-speed connection with simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections

69 NFC RC522 Module for Arduino

70 The Adafruit shield was designed by RF engineers using the best test equipment to create a layout and antenna with 10cm (4 inch) range, the maximum range possible using the 13.56MHz technology. You can easily attach the shield behind a plastic plate with standoffs and still read cards through a (non-metal) barrier. This shield is designed to use I2C or SPI communication protocols Adafruit PN532 NFC/RFID Controller Shield for Arduino

71 RFID (Radio-frequency identification)

72 RFID antenna for vehicular access control

73 Range: less than 10 m (Up to 100 m) - Bluetooth 5.0: less than 40 m (Up to 400 m) Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to GHz[3]) from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994,[4] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. hc05 Module

74 Range: 10 to 20 meters Zigbee is an IEEE based specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios, such as for home automation, medical device data collection, and other low-power low-bandwidth needs, designed for small scale projects which need wireless connection. Hence, Zigbee is a lowpower, low data rate, and close proximity (i.e., personal area) wireless ad hoc network. The technology defined by the Zigbee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as Bluetooth or more general wireless networking such as Wi-Fi. Applications include wireless light switches, home energy monitors, traffic management systems, and other consumer and industrial equipment that requires short-range low-rate wireless data transfer.

75 Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz. In computer networking, a wireless access point (WAP), or more generally just access point (AP), is a networking hardware device that allows a Wi-Fi device to connect to a wired network.

76 Bluetooth USB Dongle Wi-Fi USB Dongle

77 TD LTE Modem (Output: WiFi and Ethernet) ADSL Modem (Output: WiFi and Ethernet) Wimax Modem (Output: WiFi and Ethernet)

78 Node MCU (for IoT Applications)

79

80 GSM/GPRS General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications (GSM).

81 SIM Card / Smart Card

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