Basic Video Troubleshooting 101
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1 Basic Video Troubleshooting 101 Check Power On Self-Test (POST) beeps. Re-seat video card. Check any configuration switch settings. Swap video card, monitor, video cable. 80
2 Basic Video Troubleshooting 101 Enter Safe Mode or re-load video driver. 81
3 Video Display Adapters Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
4 Super VGA (SVGA) The standard for PCs and monitors. Popular SVGA formats include: 800 by 600 pixels 1024 by 768 pixels 1280 by 1024 pixels The higher the resolution, the finer the detail displayed. The higher the resolution; the more information displayed. 83
5 Video Graphics Array (VGA) Resolution of 640 by 480 pixels. Introduced in 1987 by IBM as the PS/2 First to use analog video outputs. First to use square pixels so vertical and horizontal lines have the same thickness. Replaced by SVGA in most applications. 84
6 Evolution of Video Display Adapters 1981 CGA 320 by 200 pixels 1984 EGA 640 by 350 pixels 1987 VGA 640 by 480 pixels Today SVGA 800 by 600 pixels, or higher. 85
7 VGA SVGA 86
8 The activities of the monitor are determined entirely by the PC. 87
9 The PC determines: the color the brightness and the position of every pixel in the monitor s display. 88
10 The PC sends five control signals to the monitor: The Red Video Signal. The Green Video Signal. The Blue Video Signal. The Horizontal Sync Pulse. The Vertical Sync Pulse. 89
11 The Video Controller in the PC 8-bit DAC 8-bit DAC Analog outputs to monitor 8-bit DAC 90
12 The Input and Output of the Red DAC in the PC. Input Output Volts 0.0 Volts
13 92
14 Upgrading a Computer Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
15 Memory Few computers have enough What fits in this computer? SIMM or DIMM? SDRAM or DDR2? Speed? 94
16 Pentium I Add SIMMs in pairs Check the manual for specs 95
17 Pentium II/III/4 Generally fewer free slots Add one DIMM at a time Bigger DIMMs are available PC-66, PC-100, PC
18 CPU Upgrades Cost vs. Benefit Role of the computer Can the motherboard support the upgrade? Do you need to update the BIOS? 97
19 Expansion Cards Before you buy the card: What slot type Are slots available? Are the proper drivers available? Win 98, Win 2000, etc. 98
20 Drives Can the BIOS support a large drive? Can the BIOS be upgraded? Do you have enough power connectors? Do you have the software tools? Bootable disk with FDISK, Format, etc. 99
21 Motherboards What type of case? AT, ATX, Proprietary What type of motherboard? Do the back-panel connections match up? Can you connect front-panel cables? 100
22 Motherboards Can you use the old video adapter and memory? Do you want to use the old video board and memory? Do you need to buy a CPU, too? Is this project worth the cost? 101
23 Modems Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
24 Digital Local Exchange Local Exchange Analog Digital 103
25 Digital Local Exchange Local Exchange Analog Digital Modem Modem 104
26 PC-1 Modem-1 Phone System PC-2 Modem-2 105
27 PC-1 Modem-1 Phone System Modem-2 Dial-Up Server 106
28 PC-1 Phone System Dial-Up Server 107
29 Two Sets of Issues Computer-to-Computer Issues Client-to-Network Issues 108
30 CPU vs. Phone Line Digital Signal High Speed Parallel Data Analog Signal Low Speed Serial Data 109
31 Digital Analog 110
32 The Modem Modulator / Demodulator Converts the digital signals from the computer into the analog signals required by the telephone line. Converts the analog signals from the telephone line into the digital signals required by the computer. 111
33 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
34 11 Each Amplitude Level Represents Two Bits
35 114 0º Phase Shift 90º Phase Shift 180º Phase Shift 270º Phase Shift
36 Baud Baud - A single state change of the analog signal. Baud Rate - The number of times per second that the analog signal changes state. In early modems, one baud usually represented one bit. In today s modems, one baud represents more than one bit. 115
37 High Speed Low Speed 116
38 Parallel Serial 117
39 The UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter The heart of the Serial (COM) port. Converts parallel data required by CPU into serial data required by serial port. Converts serial data received at serial port into parallel data required by CPU. 118
40 Making the CPU and Phone Line Compatible (Transmit). CPU Buffer UART Modem Phone Line Memory 1.High Speed to Low Speed 2. Parallel to Serial Digital to Analog 119
41 Making the CPU and Phone Line Compatible (Receive). CPU Buffer UART Modem Phone Line Memory 1.High Speed to Low Speed 2. Parallel to Serial Digital to Analog 120
42 Two Types of Modems Internal ISA or PCI board that fits inside the computer. External Stand-alone box. Connects to one of the COM Ports. 121
43 Internal Modem CPU UART Function Modem Function Phone Line Internal Modem 122
44 CPU UART Motherboard External Modem Phone Line 123
45 CPU UART External Modem Phone Line Mother- I/O board Adapter Card 124
46 Modulation Standards V bps standard V.22bis 2400bps standard V bps standard V.32bis 14,400 standard V.FC 28,800 standard V.34 33,600 standard V.90 56kbps standard 125
47 V.42 Error-Correction Standards Link Access Procedure for Modems (LAPM) Microcom Networking Protocol 4 (MNP-4) 126
48 V.42bis Compression Standard. Uses a compression technique to reduce the size of out going data. Can compress data up to ~ 4 to 1. For example, a 33,600-bps Modem could transfer data at a rates up to about 134,400 bps. 127
49 The COM Port Also called Serial Port or RS-232 Port The link between PC and Modem. The external Modem connects to COM port on back of PC via serial cable. The internal Modem has built-in COM port that duplicates function of external COM port. 128
50 25-Pin Serial Port 9-Pin Serial Port 129
51 Standard Modem COM Port Settings COM Port IRQ I/O Address (Hex) COM1 4 03F8 COM2 3 02F8 COM3 4 03E8 COM4 3 02E8 130
52 CPU IRQ4 I/O Memory 03F8 UART COM1 Modem 131
53 CPU IRQ3 I/O Memory 02F8 UART COM2 Modem 132
54 134.4 kbps kbps 133
55 UART Speed Determines the Serial Port speed UART chip can reach speeds of 256 kbps UART chip can reach speeds of kbps UART was supplied with the original IBM XT machine. 134
56 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) - A technique used for transmitting high-bandwidth data over twisted-pair telephone lines. 135
57 Analog Central Office Central Office Local Loop Analog 136
58 Voice requires only about 4kHz of bandwidth. Voice 0 4kHz Frequency 137
59 Digital Central Office Central Office Local Loop Analog 138
60 For short distances, twisted-pair can handle frequencies much higher than 4kHz. 139
61 Connecting to the Internet Modem (POTS) ISDN T1 line Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 140
62 Cost $ Cost Vs. Bandwidth T1 ISDN Modem (POTS) DSL Bandwidth 141
63 Advantages of DSL Always-on connectivity High speed Flat-rate service Reliability 142
64 DSL takes advantage of the bandwidth not required by voice. Voice DSL 0 4kHz Frequency 1MHz 143
65 xdsl: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) 144
66 Asymmetric DSL Allows more bandwidth downstream than upstream. Voice Upstream Downstream 0 4kHz Frequency 1MHz 145
67 Central Office To/From ISP 146
68 Typical ADSL Characteristics Data Rate Distance Downstream 1.5 Mbps 15,000 ft Upstream 16 kbps 15,000 ft Downstream 6.1 Mbps 9,000 ft Upstream 640 kbps 9,000 ft 147
69 DSL is distance-sensitive You must be within about 12,000 to 18,000 feet of a central office. The distance is the path the wire takes, not the straight-line distance. Even so, the majority of the United States population lives and works within DSL range. 148
70 The DSL Provider The company that delivers DSL service to your home or business. Generally a phone company. Many DSL providers act as their own Internet Service Provider (ISP). Some areas have more than one DSL provider. 149
71 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) Telco lingo for phone or DSL equipment in the home or office. Splitter/Filter DSL Modem or DSL Router 150
72 Splitter/Filter Voice Data Low Pass High Pass Voice/Data Voice Data 0 4kHz Frequency 1MHz 151
73 The DSL Modem Low cost. Requires no customer configuration. Acts as a bridge to your DSL provider s TCP/IP network. 152
74 Phone PSTN Computer Analog Modem CO ISP Interne t 153
75 Phone PSTN Central Office (CO) PSTN Switch Splitter/ Filter DSLAM Computer DSL Modem Internetnet 154
76 Problems with the DSL Modem Approach Single IP address The Internet Connection is not easily shared. Security concerns. 155
77 The DSL Router Higher cost Turns your local network into a separate TCP/IP LAN. May provide several services such as: DHCP NAT Firewall VPN 156
78 Phone PSTN HUB Analog Modem CO ISP Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) Interne t 157
79 Phone HUB DSL Router Splitter/ Filter To/From DSL Provider Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) 158
80 Phone PSTN Central Office (CO) Filter PSTN Switch HUB DSL Router DSLAM Home/Office Internetnet 159
81 Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) Normally located at the Telco Central Office Concentrates data from numerous DSL connections into a high capacity backbone. Separates voice from data and sends each to its appropriate location. 160
82 HUB DSL Router To/From DSL Provider Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) 161
83 Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) An emerging technology Promises to deliver Downstream speeds of 15 to 52 Mbps. Upstream speeds of 1.5 to 2.3 Mbps. Over short distances (1000 to 4500 ft) of existing twisted pair phone lines. 162
84 Central Office Office Building Fiber Optic Cable Optical Network Unit (ONU) 163
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