Introduction to Distributed Systems
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1 Introduction to Distributed Systems Other matters: review of the Bakery Algorithm: why can t we simply keep track of the last ticket taken and the next ticvket to be called? Ref: [Coulouris&al Ch 1, 2] motivations; domains for DS; examples; the Internet as a DS trends: mobile & ubiquitous computing design criteria and phenomena; scalability and desired transparencies architectural models: roles, patterns fundamental models: the interaction model and timing issues overview of future DS topics (diagrams from Coulouris et all Distributed Systems) COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
2 Motivations of Distribution system only exists within an existing physically distributed space system, devices in a large aeroplane, wireless sensor networks, mobile networks, online social networks possible high performance due to potential high degree of parallel computing possible high reliability due to redundancy of the hardware and/or software possible scalability integration of a large number of heterogeneous nodes/devices tailored to specific needs what to distribute: state (e.g. distributed databases and games) function: distributed methods on central data state and function (e.g. client/server systems) none: pure replication (e.g. content delivery services) COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
3 Some Domains for Distributed Systems ([Coulouris&al Fig 1.1]) COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
4 Distributed Systems Examples Financial Trading System ([Coulouris&al Fig 1.2]) Cloud Computing ([Coulouris&al Fig 1.5]) a distributed event-based system: engines react to to any detected events e.g. if A s (B s) price moves up (down) by 0.5% within 1 min. interval then: sell A, buy B timeliness of data and reaction speed all important! ref: The Microsecond Market more sophisticated trading algorithms exist (Alg. Trading; Quantitative Analytics) distributed systems as a utility computational and storage infrastructure-as-a-service: OS virtualization a key technology: physical host could be anywhere! applications-as-a-service: e.g. require large-scale parallel processing! web COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
5 typical portion ([Coulouris&al Fig 1.3]) The Modern Internet intranet: sub-networks within a single organization, typically protected by firewalls firewalls operate by selective filtering for certain kinds of traffic how? (hint: TCP) backbone: high-bandwidth link (e.g. satellite, fiber-optic cable) linking intranets % of world s computers that are web servers peaked at 25% (2001); now 20% (due to mobile computing) COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
6 Trends: Ubiquitous and Mobile Computing portable devices in a distributed system ([Coulouris&al Fig 1.4]) ubiquitous computing: computing devices everywhere (embedded, worn) only useful when they can communicate with each other! need for spontaneous interoperation need for service discovery: associate device to local services trends in distributed systems emergence of pervasive networking technology (e.g. wireless) emergence of ubiquitous computing coupled with mobility increasing demand for multimedia; view of distributed systems as a utility COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
7 Distributed System Design Criteria aim to achieve decoupling/high degree of local autonomy cooperation rather than central control desire consistency, availability and partitionability scalability: for n users (or devices), cost should be O(n), data access O(log(n)) desire transparency in a number of criteria ([Coulouris&al sect 1.5.7]) COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
8 Distributed Systems Phenomena communication between components is purely by messages high degree of concurrency! missing or imprecise time-base (no global clock) are there causal relationships between events? unpredictable delays (communication) independent failures (as we increase size of system) likelihood of individual failures increase likelihood of complete failure decreases (in case of a good design) strategies: detection, recovery (try again), tolerance (restart, replication) heterogeneity: e.g. data format, vendors (need for standards, middleware, VMs) need for openness (extensibility) and quality of service assurance (e.g. meet deadlines) COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
9 Distributed Systems Quiz Q1 A concurrent system is always distributed (T/F) Q2 The communication model of distributed systems includes shared memory access (T/F) Q3 In the context of distributed system, transparency means: 1. Each component must show its data to others if asked 2. Each component must declare what protocol it uses to the others 3. Each component can see the associated properties of the others 4. Each component need not be aware of the associated properties of the others Q4 A broadcast communication protocol between N processes requires N*N individual messages. Is this considered scalable? COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
10 Architectural Models identify the key entities that are communicating in the system what communication paradigms are used interprocess communication (e.g. message passing, sockets) remote invocation (e.g. RPC, Java RMI) indirect: senders don t need to know who they are talking to, receivers do not need to exist at same time e.g. group messaging, publish-subscribe, message queues what are their roles? how are they placed in the physical infrastructure crucial in determining performance (also reliability and security) strategies: mapping of services to multiple servers (e.g. ANU-wide LDAP servers) caching: replication of data closer to clients (e.g. ANU proxy cache) mobile code and agents: push services closer to clients (e.g. web applets) better response (danger? Java plugin in IE ) COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
11 Architectural Models: Roles and Responsibilities Peer-to-Peer ([Coulouris&al Fig 2.4a]) Client-Server ([Coulouris&al Fig 2.3]) clients interact with a (distant) server to access its shared resources there may be multiple servers (e.g. search engines), or servers may access other servers (e.g. web proxy) better scalability all processes play similar roles run the same program and scales better: user s resources can be used to support service pitfalls! (e.g. Skype) COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
12 Architectural Patterns layering (vertical ordering) applications (client) and services (server) middleware: provide useful building blocks for inter-operable software components provide convenient programming model, mask heterogeneity platform: operating system, computer & network hardware tiered architecture: complimentary to layering consists of organizing functionality of a given layer and placing on appropriate servers presentation logic: user interface for application application logic: detailed application-specific processing data logic: for persistent storage of data (e.g. DBMS) Two- and Three-tier architectures ( ) ([Coulouris&al Fig 2.8]) COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
13 Fundamental Models for Distributed Systems contain essential ingredients of system, making explicit all relevant assumptions purpose: make generalizations on what is possible and impossible, determine if guarantees of desirable properties are met interaction model: each process has a private state overall state determined by the transmission of messages two models for time: synchronous: clock drift, time to execute execute a local step of a process and message transmission are within known time bounds clock drift: rate of local clock deviating from perfect reference clock (with GPS, can reduce to 1µs) message transmission time affected by latency (time for 1st packet to arrive), bandwidth (rate of transmission of packets), network congestion and processor loads asynchronous: no bounds on the above; only logical message ordering the Internet typifies this model which kind of DS model is FSP? What is its drawback for DS? COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
14 Asynchronous Interaction Model ([Coulouris&al Fig 2.13]) X sends m 1 before Y receives m 1 Y receives m 1 before sending m 2 Z sends m 3 to X concurrently to X receiving m 2 from Y COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
15 Overview of Future DS Topics networks distributed time and states snapshot algorithm distributed properties mutual exclusion termination consensus transactions construction of composite atomic actions how does a database management system allow multiple concurrent queries replication and resilience Note: sone changes to remaining course schedule COMP2310 Lecture 22: Distributed Systems
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