TCP/IP THROUGHPUT ENHANCEMENT FOR GLOBAL IP NETWORKS WITH TRANS-OCEANIC SUBMARINE LINK

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1 / THROUGHPUT ENHANCEMENT FOR GLOBAL NETWORKS WITH TRANS-OCEANIC SUBMARINE LINK Yohei Hasegawa, Masahiro Jibiki, Tatsuhiro Nakada, Yasushi Hara and Yasuhiro Aoki (NEC Corporation) System Platforms Research Laboratory, NEC Corporation, 1753 Shimonumabe, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 1-, JAPAN Abstract: The rapid growth in submarine link bandwidth has emphasized the throughput limitations of long distance / data transfers. We propose a submarine line terminal equipment () solution to enhance / throughput via submarine links. We call this solution the Smart Booster (S-). With the S-, data transfer will be optimized for both terrestrial networks and submarine links. We have evaluated the S- test bed system with 1-Gbps Ethernet and 33-km optical fiber cable. Our results suggest that our S- greatly improved throughput. For example, throughput using Windows XP hosts improved up to 13. times with S-s. We also confirmed that the S- boosted throughput up to 1 Gbps via a 33-km optical fiber cable. 1. INTRODUCTI With the evolution of global services and cloud computing, Ethernet data relying on the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (/) are being transmitted worldwide through transoceanic submarine links. is defined as a hand-shaking and connection-type communication protocol. Also, its window size at the end-host computer is designed to be valuable, depending on end-to-end packet loss rate (PLR) or end-to-end transmission quality. Due to such a scheme, throughput is very sensitive to link delay (latency) and is predicted to dramatically degrade with the increase in transmission distance or round trip time (RTT) between end-host computers. In theoretical approximation, throughput is inversely proportional to network RTT and square root of PLR [1]. To alleviate these issues, we propose to terminate and relay connections at the submarine link edges so that a unique and advanced can be dedicatedly applied for the submarine link on each 1-Gbps signal (1 GbE) base, which performs local acknowledgement () packets and rate control, specific to the submarine link. For this purpose, the proxies, called Smart Boosters (S-s), are located at the tributary side of the submarine line terminal equipment (), Then these S- s are operated based on submarine link error, feedback from, so that the local rate control is optimized, which eventually enables the boosting of throughput. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section, we describe s performance issues and related work on performance improvement. We propose our solution, which we call the smart booster (S-) in Section 3. In Section, we show the performance evaluation results of the S- with 1-Gbps and a 33-km optical fiber cable. In Section 5, we conclude our work. Copyright 1 SubOptic Page 1 of 5

2 . PERFORMANCE LG DISTANCE COMMUNICATIS Since throughput is very sensitive to RTT and PLR, s performance problem over a long distance network has been often discussed. throughput against RTT and PLR is approximately shown in Figure 1 ( s window size = 51 KBytes). Although submarine cable systems achieve bit-error-free data transfer, packet losses occur in terrestrial networks, where traffic from users is multiplexed. performance could be very poor if the delay in the submarine link and packet losses in terrestrial networks are combined in the path between hosts. To improve throughput on long distance networks, several new s have been proposed in the last decade, for example, High-Speed [], FAST [3], CUBIC [], and Compound [5]. These techniques allow throughput performance of several hundred Mbps or above. However, these new s do not always perform optimally because a longer feedback loop degrades their rate control. It is essentially difficult to find proper available throughput in a longer feedback loop because the available throughput changes independent of RTT. Therefore, some new s are so aggressive that another might not have sufficient throughput when competing with them in a network. splitting or performance enhancement proxies (PEPs) are another way to improve long distance throughput []. This approach splits connection, dividing RTT between hosts. Throughput improvement by splitting the connection has been reported [7]. PEPs also change behaviour for PRL [%] 1 Figure 1: End-to-end Throughput special environments such as satellite links. Our proposal is based on the later approach to archive the following advantages. 1. Essential throughput improvement by shortening the feedback loop.. behaviour can be optimized for both terrestrial networks and the submarine link section, which has quite different characteristics. 3. Deployable without modifying endhosts. 3. SMART BOOSTER In this section, we propose a solution to enhance / throughput via 1-Gbps submarine links. We call this the Smart Booster (S-). The S- will be provided as an option card of NEC s. The S- classifies target / flows. Then, S-s split the connection between hosts into three, as shown in Figure ; 1 from the sending host to an S- via terrestrial networks, between the S-s via the submarine link, and 3 from an S- to the receiving host via the terrestrial network. With S-s, each split connection will be optimized for each network it traverses. An S- delivers optimized behavior and parameter settings with Copyright 1 SubOptic Page of 5

3 conference & convention. PERFORMANCE EVALUATIS Connection from s view 1 (Advanced ) APL APL A A S- Submarine Cable We have evaluated an S- test bed system with 1-Gbps and a 33-km optical fiber cable in a real-world environment. 3 A. TEST SETTINGS The overview of the test environment is shown in Figure. Two 1-GbE s with two S-s are connected to a submarine cable. We used a 33-km and 17-km optical fiber cable. We also set network emulators to assume delay and packet loss in terrestrial networks. Detailed settings of submarine cable, the network emulator, and end-hosts are listed in Table 1. S- Figure : Smart Booster Data Transfer Overview 1. End-to-End connection establishment SYN SYN/ DATA. Local rate control Submarine S- S- B. END-TO-END THROUGHPUT We measured throughput between end hosts. The test results are listed in Table. With an S-, end-to-end throughput improved more than six times, up to 13. times. In tests of Windows Vista and Linux, S-s boosted throughput near the link speed of about 9 Mbps, considering //Ethernet header overhead. Figure 3: Smart Booster Packet Transaction precise properties (network delay and bit error rate) of the submarine link from the. This enables data transfer to be independent of submarine-cable length. We call this the advanced (A). An S- also achieves optimized throughput for terrestrial networks that have smaller delays and higher packet loss rates. For example, with these results, the DVD image file (.7 GByte) download time will decrease from 3 to three minutes with Windows XP. Comparisons of DVD download times with each host OS are shown in Figure. Figure 3 shows packet transactions with our S-. An S- passes through the s synchronize packets (SYN) from end hosts so that the S- does not change the end-to-end connection establishment agreement. After connection establishment, S- starts generating packets. This reduces delay in the feedback loop of the and enables quicker retransmission of lost packets and higher throughput. Submarine cable Item Experimental Conditions Cable Length (Delay) 33km (1.ms) Bit Error (Error free) Network Emulator Transmit Delay 1ms Packet Loss Rate.1% Client/Server OS Windows XP, Vista, Linux CPU Intel CoreDuo(.GHz) NIC Interface 1BASE-T Table 1: Test conditions GbE Client Advanced 1GbE S- Network Emulator 1Gb Submarine 1GbE 33km S- GbE Network Emulator Server Figure : Overview of the S- test environment Copyright 1 SubOptic Page 3 of 5

4 (a) Windows XP (RWIN=K) (b) Windows Vista (RWIN=3M) (c) Linux (RWIN=5K) Figure : DVD(.7GB) Download Time Clinet OS Windows XP Windows Vista Linux Client Window Size KByte 3MByte 5KByte Smart DVD Throughput Booster Throughput Download Ratio of / [Mbps] Time [min.] / Table : Throughput via 33km submarine cable In Figures 7 and, we show results where we changed the submarine cable length from 17 to 33 km. In this test, we set a 5-ms delay at the terrestrial network emulator. Therefore, a -ms delay is supposed to be added in RTT with network emulators. These results show that throughput with S- s are independent of submarinecable length in this test. Throughput with S-s was limited by end-hosts throughput over terrestrial links. Without S-s, throughputs were degraded as the link delay increased. The dotted lines in Figures 7 and represent theoretically estimated throughput. C. 1-G PERFORMANCE VALIDATI To validate our S- s 1-G bps throughput via a 33-km cable, we conducted a test using only 1-Gbps links. traffic using Iperf was generated between the terrestrial network emulators. In this test, we changed the number of Figure 7: Windows XP Throughput with Smart Boosters Figure : Linux Throughput with Smart Boosters Copyright 1 SubOptic Page of 5

5 Throughput [Gbps] 1 1 connections Figure 9: Example of 1Gbps Performance connections. The windows size of each connection was set as 3.3 MBytes. As shown in Figure 9, Iperf throughput with S-s reached 1 Gbps. Note that throughput did not reach 1 Gbps when testing one and two connections. This is because a 3.3-MByte window is not large enough to perform 1-Gbps transmission via a 33-km link. We found that a single connection could perform 1-Gbps throughput with a larger window size. 5. CCLUSIS We proposed a solution, which we call the S-. The S- splits the end-to-end connection at the edge of the submarine link so that each split can perform optimal throughput. [] S. Floyd, HighSpeed for large congestion windows, RFC39, IETF, DEC 3. [3] C. Jin, D. Wai, and S. Low, FAST : Motivation, architecture, algorithms, performance, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, vol., pp. 9-51, MAR. [] I. Rhee and L. Xu, CUBIC: A new -friendly high-speed variant, Proc. PFLDNet, 5. [5] K. Tan, J. Song, Q. Zhang and M. Sridharan, A Compound Approach for High-speed and Long Distance Networks, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, APR. [] T. Murase, H. Shimonishi, and Y. Hasegawa, overlay network architecture, Proc. Comm. Conf IEICE, B-7-9, SEP,. [7] Y. Liu, Y. Gu, H. Zhang, W. Gong, and D. Towsley, Application Level Relay for High-bandwidth Data Transport, Proc. GridNets, OCT. We showed that our S- test bed system greatly improved throughput. For example, throughput of a Windows XP PC could be improved 13. times with our S-s. We also confirmed 1-Gbps throughput with our test bed system. We believe that these results suggest a step towards latency unaware 1-Gbps / data transfer through submarine cables.. REFERENCES [1] J. Padhye, V. Firoiu, D. Towsley, J. Kurose, Modeling Throughput: A Simple Model and its Empirical Validation, Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, SEP 199. Copyright 1 SubOptic Page 5 of 5

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