QOS IN PACKET NETWORKS

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1 QOS IN PACKET NETWORKS

2 THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE

3 QOS IN PACKET NETWORKS by Kun I. Park, Ph.D. The MITRE Corporation USA Springer

4 ebook ISBN: Print ISBN: X 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Boston All rights reserved No part of this ebook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's ebookstore at: and the Springer Global Website Online at:

5 Dedication For Meyeon and Kyunja.

6 Contents DEDICATION PREFACE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. NEED FOR QOS 2. DEFINITION OF QOS 3. ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK CHAPTER 2 BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR QOS 1. PROBABILITY THEORY 1.1 RANDOM EXPERIMENTS, OUTCOMES AND EVENTS 1.2 DEFINITION OF PROBABILITY 1.3 AXIOMATIC APPROACH TO PROBABILITY 2. RANDOM VARIABLES DEFINITION CDF AND PDF MEAN AND VARIANCE THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 3. STOCHASTIC PROCESSES DEFINITION OF A STOCHASTIC PROCESS CDF AND PDF OF STOCHASTIC PROCESS AUTOCORRELATION AND CROSS-CORRELATION THE NORMAL PROCESS v xiii

7 viii QOS IN PACKET NETWORKS 3.5 STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A STOCHASTIC PROCESS STATIONARITY STRICT SENSE STATIONARITY (SSS) WIDE SENSE STATIONARITY (WSS) QUEUING THEORY BASICS REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES OF QUEUING DEFINITION OF QUEUING SYSTEM BIRTH-DEATH PROCESS MODEL ARRIVAL RATE DEFINITION EMPIRICAL DETERMINATION OF ARRIVAL RATE STATIONARITY ERGODICITY THE POISSON ARRIVAL MARKOV MODULATED POISSON PROCESS (MMPP) SERVICE RATE UTILIZATION FACTOR QUEUING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE METRICS LITTLE S THEOREM M/M/1 QUEUE EXERCISES PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS CHAPTER 3 QOS METRICS 1. NETWORK TYPES CONNECTION-ORIENTED PACKET NETWORK SERVICES CONNECTIONLESS PACKET NETWORK SERVICES 2. DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 2.1 SOURCE CODING WAVEFORM CODING LINEAR PREDICTIVE CODING (LPC) 2.2 PACKETIZATION VOICE OVER ATM PACKETIZATION VOICE OVER IP PACKETIZATION 2.3 CHANNEL CODING INTERLEAVING ERROR CORRECTION MODULATION 3. QOS OF REAL TIME SERVICES 3.1 QUANTIZATION NOISE SOURCE OF QUANTIZATION NOISE EFFECT OF QUANTIZATION NOISE

8 QOS IN PACKET NETWORKS 3.2 DELAY FRAME DELAY PACKETIZATION DELAY INTERLEAVING DELAY ERROR CORRECTION CODING DELAY JITTER BUFFER DELAY PACKET QUEUING DELAY PROPAGATION DELAY EFFECT OF DELAY END-TO-END DELAY OBJECTIVES 3.3 DELAY VARIATION OR JITTER SOURCE OF DELAY VARIATION 3.4 PACKET LOSS PROBABILITY SUBJECTIVE TESTING MEAN OPINION SCORE (MOS) THE EMODEL CODEC PERFORMANCE 4. BLOCKING PROBABILITY 4.1 TRUNKED CHANNEL SYSTEMS OFFERED TRAFFIC LOAD UNITS OF TRAFFIC LOAD TRUNK UTILIZATION FACTOR ERLANG B SYSTEM ERLANG C SYSTEM 5. EXERCISES PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS ix CHAPTER 4 IP QOS GENERIC FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS INTRODUCTION 2. PACKET MARKING 3. PACKET CLASSIFICATION 4. TRAFFIC POLICING 4.1 TRAFFIC RATES LINE RATE PEAK INFORMATION RATE (PIR) COMMITTED INFORMATION RATE (CIR) BURST SIZES 4.2 TRAFFIC METERING AND COLORING SINGLE RATE THREE COLOR MARKER (SRTCM) TWO RATE THREE COLOR MARKER (TRTCM) 5. ACTIVE QUEUE MANAGEMENT 5.1 TAIL DROP METHOD AND TCP GLOBAL SYNCHRONIZATION

9 x QOS IN PACKET NETWORKS RANDOM EARLY DISCARDING (RED) WEIGHTED RANDOM EARLY DISCARDING (WRED) EXPLICIT CONGESTION NOTIFICATION (ECN) GENERAL CONCEPT ECN MARKING IN THE IP HEADER ECN MARKING IN THE TCP HEADER ECN HANDSHAKING AND OPERATION 6. PACKET SCHEDULING FIFO PRIORITY QUEUING (PQ) FAIR QUEUING (FQ) WEIGHTED ROUND ROBIN (WRR) WEIGHTED FAIR QUEUING (WFQ) CLASS-BASED WFQ (CB WFQ) 7. TRAFFIC SHAPING 7.1 PURE TRAFFIC SHAPER TOKEN BUCKET TRAFFIC SHAPER 8. EXERCISES PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS CHAPTER 5 IP INTEGRATED SERVICES AND DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES INTEGRATED SERVICES INTSERV BASIC FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS RESOURCE RESERVATION PROTOCOL (RSVP) OVERVIEW OF RSVP RSVP OPERATION RSVP RESERVATION STYLES RSVP MESSAGE FORMAT PATH MESSAGE RESV MESSAGE DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES DIFFSERV OVERVIEW DIFFSERV ARCHITECTURE DIFFSERV PACKET MARKING PACKET MARKING IN CONVENTIONAL ROUTERS DIFFSERV (DS) FIELD DIFFSERV CODE POINTS (DSCP S) PER-HOP BEHAVIORS (PHB S) EXPEDITED FORWARDING (EF) PHB ASSURED FORWARDING (AF) PHB EXERCISES 181

10 QOS IN PACKET NETWORKS xi PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS CHAPTER 6 QOS IN ATM NETWORKS 1. BACKGROUND 1.1 GENESIS OF ATM 1.2 ATM NETWORK INTERFACES 2. ATM PROTOCOLS 2.1 ATM CELL LAYER 2.2 ATM ADAPTATION LAYER (AAL) 3. ATM VIRTUAL CONNECTIONS THE VIRTUAL CHANNEL AND THE VIRTUAL PATH VIRTUAL LINKS VIRTUAL CONNECTIONS VIRTUAL PATH CONNECTION (VPC) ATM QOS PARAMETERS VIRTUAL CHANNEL CONNECTION (VCC) PERMANENT VIRTUAL CONNECTION (PVC) SWITCHED VIRTUAL CONNECTION (SVC) INFORMATION TRANSFER PERFORMANCE END-TO-END PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION BASE (MIB) 5. ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES 5.1 ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES 5.2 TRAFFIC DESCRIPTORS 5.3 AAL TYPES 6. ATM CONNECTION ADMISSION CONTROL A MODEL OF ATM SWITCH LOGICAL PORT BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION CAC FOR CBR TRAFFIC CAC FOR VBR TRAFFIC 7. ERERCISES PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS CHAPTER MPLS BACKGROUND WHY USE MPLS? CONVENTIONAL IP PACKET FORWARDING MPLS ADVANTAGES MPLS ARCHITECTURE 2. LABEL ENCODING 2.1 MPLS SHIM HEADER

11 xii QOS IN PACKET NETWORKS 2.2 LABEL ENCODING OVER ATM ATM SVC ENCODING ATM SVP ENCODING ATM SVP MULTIPOINT ENCODING MPLS IMPLEMENTATION MPLS OPERATION LABEL MAPPING INCOMING LABEL MAP (ILM) FEC-TO-NHLFE (FTN) MAP LABEL SWAPPING AN EXAMPLE OF A HIERARCHICAL MPLS TUNNELS LABEL MERGING GENERAL DESCRIPTION LABEL MERGING OVER ATM VP MERGING VC MERGING MPLS SUPPORT OF DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES E-LSP L-LSP CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES 233 ACRONYMS 235 INDEX 239 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 245

12 Preface QoS is an important subject that takes a central place in overall packet network technologies. It is a complex subject and its analysis involves such mathematical disciplines as probability, random variables, stochastic processes, and queuing. These mathematical subjects are abstract and are not easy to grasp for uninitiated persons. This book is written with two objectives. The first objective is to explain the fundamental mathematical concepts used in QoS analysis in layman s terms and as plainly as possible so that the reader can have a better appreciation of the subject of QoS treated in this book. Second, this book explains in plain language the various parts of QoS in packet networks so that the reader can have a complete view of this complex and dynamic area of communications networking technology. Kun I. Park Holmdel, New Jersey

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