Contents. List of F i g u r e s xi List of Tables xv Preface xvü. Introducing Multiprotocol Label Switching

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1 ;>;:;;.; o u ':,t; G O G O r: - 5 ^ ip b ü,:^ p - o ^ v v ; ; : ' : o ^ 0 ; - '; -:-, X ^ ^ ;. : ^ i 5i:fc!C :! i ;> r S n p o. i i p p. a p c p ö ^ Contents List of F i g u r e s xi List of Tables xv Preface xvü Goals xxi Audience xxi How This Book Is Organized xxii Conventions Used in This Book xxiv Acknowledgments xxiv References for Preface xxv CHARTER 1 Introducing Multiprotocol Label Switching What Is MPLS? 4 Why Is MPLS Needed? 8 How Is MPLS Done? 9 When and Where Is MPLS Used? 12 v 1

2 vi CONTENTS Who Is Doing MPLS? 14 The Label Switching Paradigm 14 A Quick Introduction to MPLS 16 Evolution of Internet Network Models 20 Basics of the Internet 24 Internetworking Technology Basics 27 More Basics: Graph Theory and Modeling Language 38 The Promise of MPLS 40 The Promise of the Promise of MPLS 42 Summary 43 References for Chapter 1 44 CHARTER 2 MPLS Background 45 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite 47 Other Important Internetworking Protocols 65 Routing 71 Switching 71 The Control Plane and Forwarding Plane 72 The "MultiprotocoF Part of MPLS 76 The History of MPLS 80 Summary 84 References for Chapter 2 85 CHAPTER 3 MPLS Documentation and Resources 87 MPLS Standards-Track RFCs 88 Additional MPLS-Related RFCs 93 MPLS Working Group Internet Drafts 94 Additional MPLS-Related Internet Drafts 103 MPLS-Related Work in Other IETF Working Groups 118 Other MPLS Standardization Efforts 118 Forums for MPLS 119 Important MPLS URLs 124 Books on MPLS 125 Summary 126 Reference for Chapter 3 126

3 CONTENTS CHÄFTER 4 MPLS Core Technologies and Protocols The Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) 130 The Label-Switching Router (LSR) 146 The Label-Switched Path (LSP) 152 Additional MPLS Core Technology Details 154 MPLS Encapsulation Formats 156 MPLS Design and Implementation 158 MPLS Source Code for Implementations 159 Summary 161 Reference for Chapter CHAFTER 5 MPLS Signaling and Label Distribution The Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) 166 Constraint-Based Routing with LDP (CR-LDP) 179 RSVP Traffic Engineering Extensions (RSVP-TE) 180 Distributing Labels with BGP 185 Other Possible MPLS Label Distribution Methods 186 Comparing MPLS Label Distribution Methods 186 Summary 187 Reference for Chapter CHAPTER 6 MPLS Operation and Uses 189 MPLS TE Application 191 MPLS VPN Application 193 Internet QoS MPLS Application 199 MPLS Path Restoral Services Application 208 Other MPLS Application Developments 210 Summary 210 Reference for Chapter CHAPTER 7 The Management of MPLS 213 Network Management Basics 213

4 viil CONTENTS Network Management Models 215 SNMP-Based MPLS Network Management 217 CLI-Based MPLS Management 257 Policy-Based Management 257 Other MPLS Management Issues 258 Summary 258 References for Chapter CHARTER 8 Current MPLS Developments and Directions 261 Current MPLS Technology Developments 262 MPLS Protocol Improvements 267 Summary 268 References for Chapter CHAPTER 9 Current MPLS Implementations 269 Service Providers Utilizing MPLS 270 MPLS Equipment Vendors 271 MPLS Software Providers 274 MPLS Testing Equipment Manufacturers 275 MPLS Testing Organizations 277 Other Organizations Involved with MPLS 278 Summary 278 Reference for Chapter CHAPTER 10 Future MPLS Developments and Directions 281 MPLS and Optical Networking 282 MPLambdaS 283 Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) 283 MPLS and Optical Forums 284 Additional MPLS Directions 297 The Future of MPLS 297 Final Thoughts on MPLS 298 Summary 299 References for Chapter

5 CONTENTS IX An MPLS Chronology Reference for Appendix A 307 A B MPLS-Related RFC Index 309 C RFC 3031: Multiprotocol Label Switching 319 D RFC 3032: MPLS Label Stack Encoding 381 E A Detailed Introdixction to SNMP 405 The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 405 Reference for Appendix E 427 F RFC 2570: Introdixction to SNMPv3 429 Glossary with Acronyms 453

6 x CONTENTS Bibliography and Web Sites 471 Web Sites 471 Books on MPLS 472 Books on IP Switching 473 Books on Quality of Service 473 Books on Associated Topics 473 Books on SNMP 473 MPLS Magazine Articles 474 Reference for Bibliography and Web Sites 474 Index 475