COMP327 Mobile Computing Session: Lecture Set 6 - Personal Area Networks and Wireless Connections - Part 2

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1 COMP327 Mobile Computing Session: Lecture Set 6 - Personal Area Networks and Wireless Connections - Part 2 35

2 Recap from Part 1 Wireless Connection Technologies Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) InfraRed Bluetooth Zigbee Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) Sensors RFID NFC 36

3 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Spread spectrum RF technology for data comms Range typically in tens of meters range of a network can be extended using several access points Fast data rate g provides 54Mbit/s n increases this to 155Mbits/s using multiple antennas (MIMO) ac is up to 433.3Mbit/s via Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) Shared-key Encryption mechanisms include: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA, WPA2) High adoption for home networks and HotSpots Utilises unlicensed (but not unregulated) wavelengths 37

4 Wi-Fi Architectures Three typical architectures Peer-to-peer Two clients can communicate without the need for an access point Bridge Clients connect with Access point, which acts as a bridge / router to a wired ethernet Wireless Distribution System Multiple access points provide wider coverage without the need for wired backbone Each access point is either a main, relay or remote base station All nodes share same radio channel, and WEP or WPA keys 38

5 Wi-Fi Security Three main standards have been produced: 1st: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) part of the original standard ratified in 1997 intended to provide data confidentiality comparable to that of a traditional wired network recognizable by the key of 10 or 26 hexadecimal digits Standard 64-bit WEP uses a 40 bit key (aka WEP-40), which is concatenated with a 24-bit initialization vector (IV) to form an RC4 stream cipher key The 64-bit or 128-bit encryption key does not change. 39

6 Wi-Fi Security Three main standards have been produced: 2nd: Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) became available in Intended as an intermediate measure in anticipation of WPA2 Could be implemented through firmware upgrades on wireless network interface cards designed for WEP that began shipping as far back as 1999 (though not all AP) Implements the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP). TKIP employs a per-packet key vs WEP consistent key new 128-bit key generated for each packet preventing the types of attacks that compromised WEP 40

7 Wi-Fi Security Three main standards have been produced: 3rd: Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) became available in implements the mandatory elements of IEEE i. In particular, it includes mandatory support for CCMP, an AES-based encryption mode with strong security. (Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol) WPA2 certification is mandatory for all new devices to bear the Wi-Fi trademark. 41

8 WPA Terminology Different WPA versions and protection mechanisms can be distinguished based on the target end-user: WPA-Personal aka WPA-PSK (pre-shared key) designed for home and small office networks and doesn't require an authentication server. Each wireless network device encrypts the network traffic using a 256 bit key. This key may be entered either as a string of 64 hexadecimal digits, or as a passphrase of 8 to 63 printable ASCII characters. WPA-Personal mode is available with both WPA and WPA2. 42

9 WPA2 - Security: KRACK KRACK - Announced in October 2017 Key Reinitialisation attack Affects all variants of the WPA protocol Attack is against the 4-way handshake of the WPA2 protocol. Executed when a client wants to join a protected Wi-Fi network - confirms that both client and AP possess the correct credentials Concurrent with negotiation of a fresh encryption key that will be used to encrypt all subsequent traffic. Victim tricked into using already in-use key. 43

10 Wi-Fi Benefits Convenience Provides network access from any location within range Good as the number of home wi-fi gadgets increases Mobility Users can browse outside home/work environment Coffee Shops, Airports, Hotels Productivity Employee can work from several locations without impediment Deployment Initial setup requires single access point Expandability Easy to add new clients without the need for additional infrastructure WDS can be used to extend range Cost Increase over a wired equivalent is modest 44

11 Wi-Fi Disadvantages Security Poor antennas mean that signal propagate further than stated range Can be intercepted by good antenna, and hence hacked Encryption helps, but wellknown weaknesses exist in WEP Range Suitable only for small areas Metropolitan coverage can be costly Reliability Signal quality affected by interference from devices on similar wavelengths Speed Can be slow compared to wired connections Faster than most wireless counterparts Radio Emission Can affect nearby devices Questionable affect on human health?? 45

12 My old house Friend, 9 doors away. 46

13 WiFi vs UMTS WiFi is often perceived as better than UMTS... Wifi is not always faster WiFi hotspots offer up to 54Mbit/s but early UMTS R99 offers only 3Mbit/s Wifi often limited by backhaul link to the Internet DSL typically limits downlink speed to 1-16Mbit/s; uplink to < 1Mbit/s UMTS has large coverage, with GPRS fallback WiFi covers small area, limiting roaming ability UMTS has a well-established billing solution Payment for commercial Wifi access is ad-hoc Scratch cards, online Credit-card payment, or billing through subscription 47

14 WiFi vs UMTS Technical realisation of lawful interception Well established for Telecommunications Still evolving for Wifi access Wifi designed for small coverage Handover problematic when roaming to a new area WDS can extend coverage, but with limitations UMTS designed for national coverage Seamless roaming over long periods even at high speed (<500km/h) Security UMTS through SIM encryption & key management Wifi exposes IP subnet, and key handling can be cumbersome 48

15 Aside: Interception of Mobile Comms The StingRay StingRay is an IMSI-catcher Used by many police forces in USA and almost certainly the Metropolitan Police in the UK (plus others) StingRay device used by law enforcement masquerades as a Cell Tower Nearby phones see much stronger signal and connect to it Can be used to monitor who s in an area by collecting the IMEI and ESN 49

16 Aside: Interception of Mobile Comms The StingRay GSM encrypts comms using A5/1 stream cypher, but supports a weakened variant A5/2, that can now be cracked in real time Both cyphers use the same encryption key from the SIM card StingRay requests device to use A5/2 and collects data traffic. Since key can be decrypted in real time with sufficient processing power, it decrypts key. Can now eavesdrop on comms Example of a Man in the Middle attack. 50

17 WiFi vs UMTS Telephony and VoIP UMTS provides circuit switched links for voice IMS architecture supports VoIP VoIP clients exist over WLAN Quality of Service can be poor; uplink speeds problematic Mobile Phones are increasingly appearing with both WiFi and UMTS calling capability WiFi used when available, but fallback to UMTS (and GSM) when roaming 51

18 Sensors: RFID Radio-frequency Identification (RFID) uses a tag with a unique ID for tagging things Three tag types Passive: no battery - coiled antenna induces current which powers the tag and encoded information is transmitted Active: battery operated - can transmit signals autonomously Battery Assisted Passive: requires external power to wake, but has greater range Used mainly in inventory and supply-chain management Increasing used in: Contactless Mobile Payment (e.g. Nokia s RFID shells) Location-based services (e.g. in museums) Bar code replacement Can be used as external cues by mobile devices 52

19 Sensors: NFC Near Field Communication (NFC) Consist of a set of communication protocols that enable two devices to establish communication when brought within 4cm of each other. Used in contactless payment systems Used in social networking for sharing files/ images/video between users NFC devices can act as electronic identity documents and keycards Offer a low-speed connection with a simple setup that can be used to bootstrap higher bandwidth wireless connections. 53

20 To Recap... In this lecture set, we covered: The notion of Personal Area Networks Discussed why these should be wireless How such technologies are used by Mobile Phones Wireless Local Area Networks How Wifi compares to 3G technology Sensing using RFID & NFC 54

21 Further Reading Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions Stefan Poslad (Wiley, 2009) Chapter 11 Communication Systems: for the Mobile Information Society Martin Sauter (Wiley, 2006) Chapters 4, 5 and 6 Wikipedia!!! 55

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