Introduction to Local Area Networks Contents. Preface... xv
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1 Contents Preface... xv Prerequisites... xv Who Should Study This Course?...xvi Key Topics...xvi Course Objectives...xvi How Do I Use This Course?...xvii Real-World Scenarios...xvii Pedagogy...xvii Key Terms...xvii Resources Available in Instructor-Led Settings...xviii Why Choose WestNet?...xviii Introduction... xix Overview...xix Module 1 Review of LAN Fundamentals...1 Network Classifications and Topologies...6 Network Classification...6 LANs...7 Campus Networks...8 MANs...9 WANs...10 Network Topologies...11 Bus Topology...11 Star Topology...12 Ring Topology...13 Star Ring Topology...14 Mesh Topology...15 Partial Mesh Topology...15 Network Cloud...16 Activities...18 i
2 ii Programs, Processes, Protocols, and Layers...22 Programs, Processes, and Protocols...22 Protocols...23 Communication Between Processes...23 Master/Slave Communication...23 Peer-to-Peer Communication...24 Client/Server Communication...24 Three-Tier Communication...26 Comparing Communication Methods...27 Layers of Protocols and Services...27 Logical and Physical Addresses...28 Activities...32 The OSI Model...35 Protocols and Layers...35 Primary Functions of OSI Model Layers...37 Physical Layer...38 Data Link Layer...38 Network Layer...39 Transport Layer...39 Upper Layers: Session, Presentation, and Application...40 Activities...42 Summary...44 Quiz...46 Module 2 Connecting Computers...51 NICs...62 NIC Connectivity...62 NIC Considerations...63 NIC Connectivity in a PC...64 NIC Bus Architectures...64 Activities...66 Review of Cable Properties...67 Coaxial Cabling...67 Physical Properties...68 Transmission Method...69 Coaxial Cable Transmission Span...69 Coaxial Cable Bandwidth...69 Coaxial Cable Topology...70 Coaxial Cable Security...70 Coaxial Cable Noise Immunity...70
3 Contents Coaxial Cable Installation Considerations...70 Twisted Pair Cabling...71 Twisted Pair Properties...71 Twisted Pair Transmission Method...71 Twisted Pair Transmission Span...71 Twisted Pair Bandwidth...71 Twisted Pair Topology...71 Twisted Pair Security...72 Twisted Pair Noise Immunity...72 Twisted Pair Installation Considerations...72 UTP Cable Categories...73 Fiber Optic Cabling...74 Optical Fiber Properties...74 Optical Fiber Transmission Method...76 Optical Fiber Transmission Span...76 Optical Fiber Topology...76 Optical Fiber Security...77 Optical Fiber Noise Immunity...77 Fiber Optic Installation Considerations...77 Activities...78 WLANs Equipment and Operating Modes...82 The Physical Layer...83 FHSS...83 DSSS...84 The Data Link Layer...84 The Near/Far Problem...85 The Hidden Node Problem...86 Error Correction and Reduction...87 Enhancements to the PHY Layer b a...88 No Common Ground...90 Wireless Security...90 WEP...90 MAC Address Filters x...91 WPA...92 Activities...93 Lesson 4 Media Selection and Installation...96 TIA/EIA Cable Standards...97 ANSI...97 TIA/EIA-568 Intrabuilding Wiring Standard...97 TIA/EIA-569 Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces...98 iii
4 TWSS Standard...98 NEC...99 NEBS...99 FCC Cable Properties Site Surveys Cable Applications Coaxial Cable Applications Optical Fiber Applications Twisted Pair Cable Applications WLAN Applications Comparing Media General Installation Guidelines Activities Lesson 5 UTP Patch Cables and Connectors UTP Wire Pairs RJ-45 Connectors Two Types of UTP Cables Crossover Cables Patch Cables Connector Pinout Patterns Activities Summary Quiz Module 3 Ethernet LANs Review of Ethernet MAC: CSMA/CD Sending a Frame Receiving a Frame Older Bus Configurations Thinnet Configuration Thicknet Configuration Star Configurations Hub-to-Hub Connectivity Activities Ethernet Frame Format Ethernet Version 2 Frame IEEE Ethernet Frame Activities iv
5 Contents Fast Ethernet The Need for Speed Fast Ethernet Over Twisted Pair Fast Ethernet Over Fiber Mixed Ethernet Networks Activity Lesson 4 Gigabit Ethernet The Gigabit Ethernet Standard Gigabit Ethernet Cabling and Distance Specifications Fiber Cabling Specifications Copper Cabling Specifications Implementing Gigabit Ethernet in a Network Gigabit Ethernet and Link Aggregation Gigabit Ethernet Migration Scenario Initial Configuration Phase 1 Upgrade Phase 2 Upgrade Activities Lesson 5 10 Gigabit Ethernet GbE Uses ae Interfaces GBase-LR GBase-ER GBase-SR GBase-LX GBase-EW/LW/SW MSA Formats Xenpak Xpak X XFP G over Copper GBase-CX GBase-T GbE over FDDI-grade MMF Activities Extended Activities Lesson 6 Switched Ethernet Configurations Review of Collision Domains and Traffic Isolation Switch Operation Switched Ethernet Backbone Ethernet Backbone and Router Connectivity v
6 Broadcast Domains PoE Activities Lesson 7 VLANs Switched VLANs Routed VLANs VLAN Tagging Q-1998 VLAN Tag ISL QoS p Traffic Prioritization The Future of VLANs Activities Lesson 8 Layer 3 Switches Evolution of the Layer 3 Switch Overview of Layer 3 Switching Examples of Layer 3 Switching Techniques Proprietary Methods Packet-by-Packet Switching Layer 3 Switch Configurations Activities Summary Quiz Module 4 ATM LANs Introduction to ATM ATM Defined STM PTM ATM Summary of Transfer Modes Comparing ATM and Traditional Networking Technologies Scalable Bandwidth Switched Parallel Point-to-Point Access Connection-Oriented Mode Fixed-Length Data Cells Elimination of Link-by-Link Error Correction and Flow Control Activities vi
7 Contents ATM Standards, Interfaces, and Virtual Circuits ATM Standards Groups ATM Network Interfaces UNI NNI How an ATM Network Operates VCs and VPs Activities ATM Architecture ATM Protocol Reference Model Physical Layer ATM Layer AAL Typical ATM Network in Action Activities Lesson 4 LAN Emulation Bridging the Gap Between ATM and LANs LANE Sublayer VLANs LANE Components LE Server LAN Emulation Configuration Server LE Client BUS Activities Lesson 5 ATM Devices ATM Products ATM Switches Types of ATM Switches VP Switch VC Switch Interaction Between VC and VP Switches ATM Switch Designs ATM Routers Hardware Interface Software Interface Frame Relay Interface Intelligent Hubs Local Switching Systems Workstation Adapter Boards Data Service Units Activities vii
8 Lesson 6 ATM Deployment ATM in Building and Campus Networks Migrating a Building/Campus Network to ATM Goals of an ATM Migration Preparing for the Arrival of ATM Activities Summary Quiz Module 5 LAN Networking Software Review of Client/Server and NOS Fundamentals Client/Server Communication LAN Services NOS Components NOS Platform Network Services Software Network Redirection Software Communication Protocol Software Common NOSs Activities RPCs Local Procedure Calls RPCs Application-to-Application Software Components Activities File Servers From PC to File Server File Access Attributes Synchronization Semaphores, or Flags Activities Lesson 4 Print Servers Print Servers Activities viii
9 Contents Lesson 5 Web Servers Web Server Concepts Web Server Platforms UNIX/Linux-Based Systems Microsoft Windows NT/2000/XP/Server Macintosh Activities Lesson 6 Other Common Servers Application Servers Application Platforms Types of Applications Application Licensing Communication Servers RAS Platforms VPN NAT Address Servers (DHCP Servers) Activities Lesson 7 Backup and Disaster Prevention Policies for Backing up Information Types of Backups UPS Fault Tolerance RAID Disaster Recovery Plan Activities Summary Quiz Module 6 The Novell Platform NetWare 6.x Overview A History of Novell and NetWare NetWare 6.x Features Novell Storage Solutions NetWare Management Tools NetWare Web Services Other NetWare Features Activities ix
10 NetWare 6.x Server Hardware Requirements Installation, Migration, and Upgrade Methods Installation Migration Upgrade NetWare Loadable Modules Other Server Functions NetWare Volumes Network Communications NetWare Licensing Post-Installation Tasks Activities Novell edirectory History and Description of Directory Services Accessing the Network with edirectory The edirectory Structure edirectory Naming Distinguished Names Relative Distinguished Name Object Location Partitioning and Replication ConsoleOne Activities Summary Quiz Module 7 Network OS Software The 32-Bit Windows Family The 32-Bit Windows OS Architecture Modules Network Model and Interconnectivity Workgroups and Domains Windows Windows 2000 Professional Windows 2000 Server Products Windows XP Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Windows Server Microsoft Server System Activities x
11 Contents Windows Server 2003 Basic Features Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition Internet Authentication Service ICS IIS Windows Media Services Automatic Update Small Business Server 2003 Standard Edition Activities Windows Server Clustering Windows Server 2003 Clustering Services Clustering Creating a Server Cluster Configure the Cluster Service Cluster Administrator NLB Configuring NLB Network Load Balancing Manager Activities Extended Activities Lesson 4 Windows Server Tools Event Viewer Performance Monitor Task Manager Network Monitor Registry Editor Activities Extended Activities Summary Quiz Module 8 Linux Linux Architecture Linux Overview Linux Attributes Linux Architecture Shells The Kernel Filesystems xi
12 Activities Extended Activities Linux Features Open-Source Linux Applications Other Common Open-Source Network Applications A Selection of Proprietary Linux Applications Activities Linux Distributions Red Hat and Red Hat-Like Distributions Mandrake SuSE (and UnitedLinux) Lycoris Debian and Debian-Like Distributions Knoppix Lindows Other Linux Distributions Slackware Gentoo Activities Lesson 4 Linux Desktops X Window KDE GNOME KDE vs. GNOME Bluecurve Applications Mail Clients Web Browsers Other Applications Activities Extended Activity Lesson 5 Linux Networking Basic Networking Ifconfig DHCP DNS Utilities Routing Static Routing IP Forwarding xii
13 Contents Security Host-Based Security Firewalls and NAT Apache Web Server Activities Extended Activity Lesson 6 Linux Interoperability Windows Interoperability Samba Configuring Samba WINE Macintosh Interoperability UNIX Interoperability NIS/NIS NFS Activities Extended Activities Summary Quiz Module 9 Analysis of LANs Overview of the Network Development Process Process Phases Deliverables Phase 1: Requirements Gathering Requirements for All Types of Needs Qualities of Good Requirements Phase 2: Analysis of the Existing Network Phase 3: Logical Design Phase 4: Physical Design Phase 5: Installation and Maintenance Installation Maintenance Activities Working with Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers Decimal to Binary Conversion The Divide by Two Process Binary to Decimal Conversion Converting a Dotted Decimal Address to a Binary Value Converting a Binary Value to a Dotted Decimal Address xiii
14 Hexadecimal Numbering Hexadecimal Values Hexadecimal for Condensed Binary Converting Binary to Hexadecimal Converting Hexadecimal to Binary Activities LAN Analysis and Testing Tools Baselining Software Tools for Baselining and Testing Built-In NOS Utilities Protocol Analyzers Types of Protocol Analyzers Components of a LAN Protocol Analyzer Protocol Analyzer Traces The Dark Side of Protocol Analysis Reading a Protocol Analyzer Trace Simulation Tools Testing Physical Media Copper Cables Optical Fiber Wireless LANs Activities Summary Quiz Course Quiz Glossary Index xiv
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