Introducing Campus Networks
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1 Cisco Enterprise Architecture Introducing Campus Networks 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Campus Data Center Combines switching and routing with tightly integrated productivityenhancing technologies, including IP Communications, mobility, and advanced security. Provides high availability Quality of service (QoS) prevents oversubscription to ensure that real- time traffic, such as voice and video, or critical data is not dropped or delayed. Integrated security protects against and mitigates the impact of worms, viruses, and other attacks on the network, even at the port level. Provides the flexibility to add IP Security (IPSec) and Multiprotocol Label Switching Virtual Private Networks (MPLS VPNs), identity and access management, and VLANs to compartmentalize t access. The enterprise campus architecture will be the focus of this courseware. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Cohesive, adaptive network architecture. Provides departmental staff, suppliers, or customers with secure access to applications and resources. Streamlines management, significantly reducing overhead. Redundant data centers provide backup. The network and devices offer server and application load balancing to maximize performance. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
2 Branch Teleworker Extends head-office applications and services, such as security, IP Communications, and advanced application performance, to remote locations, users, or branches. Integrates security, switching, network analysis, caching, and converged voice and video services into a series of integrated services routers Can deploy new services when they are ready without buying new equipment. Allows enterprises to securely deliver voice and data services to remote small or home offices over a standard broadband access service. Flexible work environment for employees. Extend campus security policies to the teleworker. Always-on VPN and gain access to authorized applications and services, including IP phone. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Nonhierarchical Network Devices Layer 2 Switching Large collision i domain Large broadcast domain High latency Difficult to troubleshoot Hardware-based d bridging i Wire-speed performance Collision domain per port Traffic containment based on MAC address 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Issues Without VLANs, large unbounded broadcast domain No traffic between VLANs without layer 3 routing Potential for bridge loops increases, therefore, the use of a Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) becomes imperative. Servers not centrally located 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
3 Layer 3 Routing Multilayer Switching Single broadcast domain per interface ACLs can be applied between segments Issues High per-port cost than switches Layer 3 processing required High latency over Layer 2 switching Multilayer switching is hardwarebased switching and routing integrated into a single platform. A multilayer switch does everything to a frame and packet that a traditional switch or router does, including the following: Combined functionality Layer 2 switching Layer 3 switching Layer 4 switching Low latency High-speed scalability 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Issues with Multilayer Switches in a Nonhierarchical Network Hierarchical Campus Model Single point of failure for Layer 2 and Layer 3 Multilayer switch functionality may be underutilized if a multilayer switch is simply a replacement for the traditional role of a router in a nonhierarchical network Spanning tree complexity Servers not centrally located 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
4 Building Access layer Building Access submodule User access to network devices. Layer 2 and 3 broadcast multicast suppression, QoS, and access control. Network campus, incorporates switched LAN devices with ports that provide connectivity to workstations and servers. WAN environment, provides access to the corporate network across WAN technology. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Building Access submodule (also known as Building Access layer): Contains: end-user workstations, IP phones Layer 2 access switches Connect devices to the Building Distribution submodule. The Building Access submodule performs services such as: support for multiple VLANs private VLANs establishment of trunk links to the Building Distribution layer IP phones. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Building Distribution layer Building Distribution submodule Aggregates the wiring closets and uses switches to segment workgroups and isolate network problems. Generally performs IP routing and implements QoS and access control. Building Distribution submodule (also known as Building Distribution layer): Provides aggregation of building access devices, often using Layer 3 switching. Performs routing, QoS, and access control. Traffic generally flows through the building distribution switches and onto the campus core or backbone. Provides fast failure recovery because each building distribution ib ti switch maintains two equal-cost paths in the routing table for every Layer 3 network number. Each building distribution ib ti switch has connections to redundant d switches in the core. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
5 Building Core layer Campus Backbone submodule High-speed backbone Designed to switch packets as fast as possible. Because the core is critical for connectivity, it must provide a high level of availability and adapt to changes very quickly Also known as the Campus Backbone Generally uses Layer 3 switches with added routing, QoS and security features. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Campus Backbone submodule (also known as Building Core layer): Provides redundant and fast-converging connectivity between buildings and the Server Farm and Edge Distribution modules. The purpose is to switch traffic as fast as possible between Campus Infrastructure submodules and destination resources. Forwarding decisions should be made at the ASIC level whenever possible. Routing, ACLs, and processor-based forwarding decisions i should be avoided at the core and implemented at building distribution devices whenever possible. High-end Layer 2 or Layer 3 switches are used at the core for high h throughput, with optimal routing, QoS, and security capabilities available when needed. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v ECNM Functional Areas Enterprise Composite Network Model The ECNM introduces modularity by dividing the network into functional areas that ease design, implementation, and troubleshooting tasks. An enterprise campus is defined as one or more buildings, with multiple virtual and physical networks, connected across a high- performance, multilayer-switched backbone 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
6 ECNM ECNM Enterprise Campus: Campus Infrastructure module: connects users within the campus to the Server Farm and Edge Distribution modules. one or more floors or buildings connected to the Campus Backbone Enterprise Campus: Hierarchical, highly robust campus network that offers performance, scalability, and availability. Network elements required for independent operation within a single campus, such as access from all locations to central servers. Does not offer remote connections or Internet access. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Network Management module: Performs system logging and authentication as well as network monitoring and general configuration management functions. Server Farm module: Contains and corporate servers providing application, file, print, , and Domain Name System (DNS) services to internal users. Edge Distribution module: Aggregates the connectivity Enterprise Edge and routes the traffic into the Campus Backbone. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v ECNM ECNM Enterprise Edge: Aggregates connectivity external to the enterprise network. As traffic comes into the campus, this area filters traffic from the external resources and routes it into the Enterprise Campus functional area. It contains all of the network elements for efficient and secure communication between the enterprise campus and remote locations, remote users, and the Internet. The Enterprise Edge would replace the Demilitarized i Zone (DMZ) of most networks. Service Provider Edge: This functional area represents connections to resources external to the campus. This area facilitates communication to WAN and Internet service provider technologies. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
7 Campus Infrastructure Module Switch Configuration Interfaces In the era of the early high-end Cisco Catalyst switches, the Cisco Catalyst operating system (CatOS) and the command interface were significantly different from the Cisco IOS mode navigation interfaces available on all newer Cisco Catalyst platforms. The two interfaces have different features and a different prompt and CLI syntax. Two interfaces are used to configure Cisco Catalyst t switches Cisco CatOS Cisco IOS Cisco CatOS was traditionally used to configure Layer 2 parameters on the modular switches Cisco Catalyst t 4000, 5500, 6500 Series These switches now support Cisco IOS (native IOS) Cisco IOS is standard software for most other switches and for Layer 3 configuration on the modular switches. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Cisco Catalyst Operating System (CatOS) Cisco IOS Interface CatOS isused to configure Layer 2 parameters. CatOS configuration commands are prefaced with the keyword set. Console(enable) set port enable 3/5 Layer 3 configuration is implemented on MSFC with Cisco IOS. Some platforms can now use Cisco IOS to configure both Layer 2 and Layer 3 (native IOS). Cisco Catalyst 4000, 5500, and 6500 switches On most Catalyst t switches, Cisco IOS interface is standard for Layer 2 configuration Layer 3 configuration on multilayer switch 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
8 Introducing Campus Networks Basic Layer 2 Switching and Bridging Functions 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved , 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. Inc. All All rights reserved. BCMSN v Objectives Bridges Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe Layer 2 switching and bridging operations and modes Describe how LAN switches use and populate the MAC address table Bridge Categories Local Bridge An internetworking device designed to interconnect two bridges within close proximity of one another Also support network separation To reduce network utilization by splitting a LAN into more than one independent LAN Remote Bridge Converts LAN traffic into a wide area protocol thus allowing a LAN to be connected to a WAN 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
9 Types of Bridges Bridging g and Switching Transparent Bridge Remote bridge with identical data link protocol Can support different physical media Translating Bridge Connection with different data link protocol Frame conversion For example, Ethernet to Token ring or Token ring to Ethernet May require assembly and reassembly Transmission rate conversion Bridges forward traffic based on MAC level address A bridge may perform protocol conversion or speed matching between different LAN types Bridges provides buffering of packets A switch is a bridge with all ports use the same frame type; also called a LAN switch to distinguish from an ATM or telecommunications switch 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Why Bridging g and Switching? Traffic and LAN Size A: total traffic 6 Mbps B: total traffic 5 Mbps Decrease traffic on LAN segments Extend LAN without increasing congestion Bridge different network protocols Speed matching Security Reliability: y fault isolation and bandwidth balancing Joining LAN segments with a hub or repeater increases traffic. All machines share the same media (same collision domain). A+B: total traffic 11 Mbps repeater 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
10 Switched LAN Segments LAN Extension A sw/ B: traffic 7 Mbps switch B sw/ A: traffic 6 Mbps wireless bridge up to 40 km Fast Ethernet switch 300 m 300 m Fast Ethernet A switch only forwards packets when necessary. learns network addresses of machines connected to each port doesn t forward traffic between machines on same port provides p packet buffering and retiming, reducing collisions does forward all broadcast traffic may forward multicast traffic, depending on switch a switch can extend length limit of network, since it provides packet retiming and retransmission bridge: different media and protocol to extend length limit switches h are not subject to repeater count limit it on ethernet t 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Bridging Different Protocols Protocol Conversion Problems Ethernet bridge Token Ring Ethernet Frame 1 byte SOH Token Ring Frame Destination Source Frame length Data address address CRC a bridge can convert frame formats requires compatible network addresses, e.g. ethernet & token ring are OK, but not ethernet and datm frame conversion may lose some information about the frame 1 byte Start Access Frame Destination Source Frame End Frame Data delimiter control control address address CRC delimiter status Ethernet does not have frame address seen or copied bits (set by receiver in Token Ring Frame Status byte) Ethernet does not have priorities or access control flags Token Ring frame may be too long for ethernet Maximum throughput of ethernet and token ring not the same: some frames may be dropped Token Ring doesn t have a length field: bridge must buffer and compute 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
11 Speed Matching Security Fast Ethernet hub switch 10 Mbps Ethernet hub Hub: shared media access Switch: selective access 100 Mbps ethernet Gigabit Fast Ethernett Ethernett server server 10 Mbps ethernet A switch can connect segments operating at different speeds How to handle overload of a slow or busy segment? back pressure (false collisions) drop frames Ethernet switches can support 10, 100 Mbps, and gigabit Bridging ethernets is simple: packet formats are the same ooooh.. A hub forwards all packets to all ports. Any host can listen to packets to/from another host, using programs like tcpdump, etherwatch, or snoop. rats! A switch only forwards packets to port containing the destination host. Computers on other ports cannot eavesdrop. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Ethernet Switches and Bridges Transmitting Frames Cut-Through Store and Forward Switch checks destination Complete frame is received address and immediately and checked before begins forwarding frame. forwarding. Address learning Forward/filter decision Loop avoidance Fragment-Free Free Switch checks the first 64 bytes, then immediately begins forwarding frame. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
12 MAC Address Table Learning Addresses Initial MAC address table is empty. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Station A sends a frame to station C. Switch caches the MAC address of station A to port E0 by learning the source address of data frames. The frame from station ti A to station ti C is flooded d out to all ports except port E0 (unknown unicasts are flooded). 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Learning Addresses (Cont.) Filtering Frames Station D sends a frame to station C. Switch caches the MAC address of station D to port E3 by learning the source address of data frames. The frame from station ti D to station ti C is flooded d out to all ports except port E3 (unknown unicasts are flooded). 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Station A sends a frame to station C. Destination is known; frame is not flooded. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
13 Filtering Frames (Cont.) Broadcast and Multicast Frames Station A sends a frame to station B. The switch has the address for station B in the MAC address table. Station D sends a broadcast or multicast frame. Broadcast and multicast frames are flooded to all ports other than the originating port. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v , Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v Summary Ethernet switches and bridges increase the available bandwidth of a network by creating dedicated network segments and interconnecting the segments. Switches and bridges use one of three operating modes to transmit frames: store and forward, cut-through, and fragment-free. Switches and bridges maintain a MAC address table to store address-to-port mappings so it can determine the locations of connected devices. When a frame arrives with a known destination address, it is forwarded only on the specific port connected to the destination station. ti 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v
Ethernet Hub. Campus Network Design. Hubs. Sending and receiving Ethernet frames via a hub
Campus Network Design Thana Hongsuwan Ethernet Hub 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-1 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BCMSN v2.0 1-2 Sending and receiving Ethernet frames
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