Comparative Analysis of ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth System and its Throughput Enhancement

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1 Comparative Analysis of ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth System and its Throughput Enhancement Ms. Hina Dhiman Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Sinhgad College of Engineering Pune, India Prof. Mrs. S.A. Shirsat Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Sinhgad College of Engineering Pune, India Abstract ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth play a very important role in Wireless Communication. But on the other hand the throughput of these three technologies decreases due to the fact that they co-exist in the frequency band of 2.4GHz. This paper will show the comparative study of ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth and also the method to improve the throughput with the help of cross layer design. Index Terms Wireless Local Area (WLAN), Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 20 I. INTRODUCTION The use of short range wireless standards has increased today. But the wireless standards used in the environment are not very efficient in the areas of power consumption, survivability, dynamic information technology capabilities, and energy efficiency. On the other hand mobility also results in the need of ad hoc networks that require low maintenance. The introduction of cross-layer design helps in the throughput enhancement due to the optimization of data across the different OSI layers [1]. The sharing of the spectrum is even though a solution for a number of wireless networks but it has also emerged with a problem of coexistence, i.e. sharing of a common band in the spectrum. This results in the degradation of throughput and increase in packet drop ratio. Although most of the systems induce interference avoidance mechanism such as RTS/CTS, etc. Thus the interaction between the physical and MAC layer (MAC/PHY) in the OSI layer somehow helps to cope up the issue of coexistence. WLAN is a type of technology in which the user may come to have the access and leave depending upon the need, Bluetooth is the type of technology in which the users may interact for the need of data and video transmission for a short distance range, also ZigBee is a type of technology which is generally used for the Military and other secure services. These three technology exists in the frequency band of 2.4GHz, and if comes in the range of each other all together then give rise to interference and coexistence that results in decrease in throughput and packet drop ratio. This paper discus about how the throughput and packet drop ratio is affected if these three technologies interacts and coexists. The performance of ZigBee and WLAN, WLAN and

2 Bluetooth and ZigBee and Bluetooth; will be observed and throughput and packet drop ratio will be calculated. Also the enhancement of these technologies based upon the cross layer design (interaction of MAC and Physical layers) will come into picture. 21 II. LITERATURE SURVEY ZigBee is considered to be the huge achievement in the development of wireless network, as it is used for the improvement of wireless sensor networks. ZigBee application is developed to be used in wireless sensors which utilize low power and low cost.[2] ZigBee is recognized by ZigBee Alliance, 2006 that is based on the IEEE specification for wireless networks that extends its support for coexistence at the following OSI layers: Physical layer and the MAC sub-layer. However, it also includes Application and Network layers above Physical and MAC layers that include some more network functionalities to facilitate the bidirectional wireless communication by the way of least energy overriding battery devices and additional cost efficient devices. ZigBee is widely used in many applications mostly in Wireless sensor Networks. [2] ZigBee set-up transmit wireless data in a protected and reliable way by means of wireless mesh network architectures for Industrial, Commercial, and many other that includes Fitness applications, Health care, wellness and so on. Wireless local-area network (WLAN) is based on IEEE a/b/g/n standard and is rising speedily. WLAN provides the profit of connectivity with no restraint of being attached to a particular location. Bluetooth is a technology that uses frequency hopping / time division duplex (FH/TDD). It uses master and slave technology in which the slave transmits or receives the data and ACK packets if and only if it is initiated by the master. Thus the master is only responsible for the transmission [3]. Since Bluetooth uses frequency hopping technology so subsequent period of time the transmission of packets and ACK packet is guaranteed irrespective of the constant transmission in the transmission channel. This is the main reason of obstruction in the channel, however Bluetooth is used only for short distances so the problem can be conquer. This paper fundamentally focuses the interferences among ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth and the projected key for the enhancement of the throughput. A. ZIGBEE ZigBee uses Star or Peer-to-Peer network. It is used in applications that need extended battery life, low data rate, and confined network access. ZigBee is finest matched for periodic or sporadic data or signal broadcast from an input device or sensor. ZigBee uses the purpose of Personal Area Network (PAN) which helps to interrelate with the different users. The applications of ZigBee includes traffic management systems, electrical meters with inhome-displays, wireless light switches, and other consumer and industrial equipment that require short-range wireless transfer of data at reasonably low rates. The technology used by the ZigBee is projected to be less expensive and somewhat less simple than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. ZigBee networks are protected by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys. In some of the applications such as home automation, the transmission distance ranges from 10 to 100 meters within the limited area, apt on power

3 transmission and other environmental features [3]. Figure 1 shows how the ZigBee devices make contact with with each other. If device A has to contact to device B then it can do the needful via the transitional node as shown. Thus, we can see that from moving to one node to another the power expenditure may be large but the transmission and reception of data is guaranteed. secure wireless networks. Many access points also offer Wi-Fi Protected System. [3] 22 Figure 1. ZigBee Network B. WLAN WLAN can relate two or more devices, and provides a connection with the help of an access point to the Internet. This gives users the autonomy to move around within a restrained coverage area and still be allied to the set of connections. Figure 2 shows that with the help of modem different devices can be connected to the internet. The IEEE has two basic modes of operation: ad hoc mode and infrastructure mode. In ad hoc mode, mobile units broadcast directly peer-to-peer and in infrastructure mode, mobile units communicate through an access point that serve as a viaduct to other networks such as Internet or LAN. Wireless communication employs a wider standard for communication as compared to wired LANs. Also the designers includes encryption or safety mechanisms such as Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA, WPA2), Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP, now insecure), to Figure 2. WLAN Setup C. BLUETOOTH Bluetooth is the technology for exchanging the data over short distances using shortwavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from MHz Bluetooth operates in the range of MHz (including guard bands). Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequencyhopping spread spectrum. Transmitted data is divided into packets and each packet is transmitted on one of the 79 selected Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. The first channel starts at 2402 MHz and continues up to 2480 MHz in 1 MHz steps. It generally performs 1600 hops per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH) enabled. [3] Figure 3 shows that the Master is exclusively responsible for beginning of the transmission of data to the slaves. Figure 3. Bluetooth Connection

4 III. INTERFERENCE BETWEEN ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH Since ZigBee is a low powered device and is used for the applications of high security. Since, it uses DSSS for the transmission so the data is highly secure. But in DSSS the data is made to spread and mixed with a pseudorandom noise. ZigBee employs the CSMA/CA due which the interference is minimized because if the data packets find the channel to be busy then the data packets are made to wait for certain period of time. But unlike ZigBee, Bluetooth employs FHSS in which the carrier signal hops between the different channels. Bluetooth has 79 channels; each of 1MHz. Bluetooth sends its data packet to its receiver in a particular channel and waits for its acknowledgement. If the acknowledgement is not received from its receiver then the carrier frequency is hopped to next frequency channel. In this way the transmission takes place in Bluetooth. A Bluetooth piconet may consist of up to 7 slaves, but since the channel is controlled by master s polling, so the channel is said to be accessed by only one slave at a time. But since the bandwidth of Bluetooth is 1MHz, Bluetooth is said to be a partial jammer. The reason for the collision between ZigBee and Bluetooth is that both tend to access the same channel for transmission because the frequency band is same i.e. 2.4GHz. But if the transmission in already taking place in ZigBee and Bluetooth sends its data packets within the range of transmission of ZigBee then collision is observed. This results in decrease in throughput. Generally the transmission of data packets is observed using AODV/AOMDV protocol. AODV chooses the shortest path for transmission of data packets. But for the transmission of data packets a reliable routing protocol will help to increase the throughput. Thus during the transmission instead of selecting the shortest path if the most reliable path is selected then the throughput is enhanced. The packet drop ratio is defined as the number of packets dropped per total number of packets. If the routing protocol is enhanced then the drop ratio will also decrease. Thus, by enhancing the routing protocol, the throughput will increase in the interference of ZigBee and Bluetooth. To observe the interference of ZigBee and Bluetooth, consider that ZigBee and Bluetooth packets are present in the same area together and the nodes of ZigBee and Bluetooth to be mobile. If the receiver nodes of both ZigBee and Bluetooth are close to each other then the interference observed will be very high which will result in decrease in the throughput and increase in the packet drops. Consider the following parameters of transmission of ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth. These parameters are considered for the experimental setup and the simulation is observed in Network Simulator-2 (NS-2). Table I, lists all the parameters used for the simulation purpose. TABLE I: PARAMETERS OF ZIGBEE, WLAN AND BLUETOOTH SR. PARAMETERS VALUE NO. 1. ZigBee packets arrival Varying time 2. Duration of ZigBee data 4128µs packets 3. Turn-around time µs 4. CCA time 640µs 5. Duration of ZigBee 352µs 23

5 ACK packets 6. Average back-off time 1120µs of ZigBee 7. Minimum contention 7 window size of ZigBee 8. Transmission power of 1mW ZigBee 9. Center frequency of 2410MHz ZigBee 10. WLAN packets arrival Varying time 11. Duration of WLAN 1303µs data packets 12. Duration of WLAN 304µs ACK packet 13. Average Back-off time 310µs of WLAN 14. Minimum contention 31 window size of WLAN 15. Transmission power of 30mW WLAN 16. Center frequency of 2412MHz WLAN 17. Duration of Bluetooth 126µs ACK packet 18. Slot time of Bluetooth 625µs 19. Transmission power of 1mW Bluetooth 20. Center frequency of Bluetooth kM Hz k = 0,.,7 8 IV. INTERFERENCE BETWEEN ZIGBEE AND WLAN In [2], it has been discussed that the interference of a WLAN and ZigBee is said to be ignorable if the distance between ZigBee and WLAN is less than 3m, even if the distance of transmitter of ZigBee and WLAN is 0m. If there are number of ZigBee and WLAN packets then the probability of collision is high because WLAN uses OFDM modulation technique and ZigBee uses DSSS modulation technique as discussed. Thus, if there are several WLAN nodes then they will try to access the channel and collision will occur and similar will happen for ZigBee. The collision does not only occur for the transmission of data packets but also for the ACK packets. Many a times the collision of data packets and ACK packets also takes place. But the probability of collision among the ZigBee and WLAN is quite less because they adopt CSMA/CA technique. Thus, when ZigBee transmits its data packets, it waits for its acknowledgement packets. Once the acknowledgement is reached then channel is free and WLAN transmits its packets. In this way the collision is almost avoided. V. INTERFERENCE BETWEEN WLAN AND BLUETOOTH WLAN as explained uses OFDM as modulation technique and Bluetooth uses FHSS. WLAN transmits its data based on the availability of channel and Bluetooth hops its frequency based on the availability of channel to hop. But Bluetooth transmits its packets periodically that are independent of the busy channel. Bluetooth transmits its packet and if the channel is having an undergoing transmission then the collision will take place. This results in the decrease in the throughput and packet delivery ratio. Table II shows the comparative study of ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth System. It

6 explains that all the three technologies coexist at the frequency of 2.4GHz. Due to the coexistence the throughput is extremely reduced because of reduced data rate and bit rate. TABLE II. Comparative study of ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth System Specifications ZigBee WLAN Bluetooth Data Rate Mbps Kbps Mbps Frequency GHz 2.4 GHz Range GHz Coverage Km 1-5 meters Area meters Modulation Technology DSSS OFDM FHSS VI. CAUSE OF INTERFERENCE BETWEEN ZIGBEE, WLAN AND BLUETOOTH SYSTEM Since the ISM band is typically used for the low cost radio campaign such as IEEE b wireless local area network (WLAN) and Bluetooth, thus an unconstrained admission to the ISM band leaks the ZigBee systems to a huge hindrance. Even though WLAN, Bluetooth and ZigBee have been intended for the various purposes, but they might coexist in the close closeness of each other. Thus, the presentation of ZigBee under the intrusion of WLAN and Bluetooth and vice versa requirement to be evaluated. But when the separation between a WLAN source and WLAN destination is less than 3m, the interference of ZigBee to WLAN is ignorable. [6] Another powerful interference to ZigBee is that if there are numerous WLAN nodes, they compete to access channel and collisions may occur. The transmission of packets from their source and the acknowledgement received by 25 their destinations is the main cause behind the collision between the WLAN and ZigBee. WLAN occupies a large bandwidth as compared to ZigBee and Bluetooth it is a main obstruction in the path of transmission of the packets from the source to the destination of Bluetooth and ZigBee. Thus the Packet Error Rate (PER) and Bit Error Rate (BER) should be reduced with respect to Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR). This helps to increase the throughput of ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth System. [6] Bluetooth packets are transmitted rarely irrespective of restraint of both WLAN and ZigBee packets as it employs frequency hopping / time division duplex (FH/TDD) for the channel access. So, the packet transfer of Bluetooth is independent of those of ZigBee and WLAN. To ZigBee user the Bluetooth signal can be modeled as an imperfect band jammer because the bandwidth of the Bluetooth is 1MHz [5]. ZigBee can match under both PHY and MAC layers. VII. CROSS LAYER DESIGN The variation of the coated OSI recommendation structural design is defined as Cross-Layer. Ultimately there are two methods: Dynamic method and Static Method. [4] The designs which respond to changing network conditions are Dynamic cross-layer designs. Non-standard boundaries between OSI layers, unite functionality of multiple layers, and mutually standardize layers are all done by Designers. The new interfaces depiction internal information which were earlier not externally available, but are required for cross-layer optimization [4]. In static cross-layer design, known distinctiveness of the network and layers are utilized, and co-calibrate or co-design a set of layers off-line. By their very nature, all of these

7 modifications ruin most of the advantage that the OSI agenda provided. Thus cautious decisions should be made as to when, where, and how to apply cross layer designs. [5] Even from a concise study of accessible crosslayer design (CLD) proposals, it is clear that future CLD designs would benefit from a welldefined, widely-adopted framework which consequences into cross layer framework (CLF). The three different classes of CLF proposals are identified as following. The first involves new interfaces for every layer of the OSI model, and removes the condition that only adjoining layers communicate. The second class also utilizes an OSI-like stack, except new interfaces are only created between every standard layer and a single new shared layer, which would confine all of the cross-layer functionality. The third set of proposal involves totally new abstractions for communication systems design. Each different class has probable benefits and downfalls [5]. : Probability that ZigBee packet is successfully received under the influence of Bluetooth data packets. BA P S : Probability that ZigBee packet is successfully received under the influence of Bluetooth ACK packets.[1] P S BD Thus, because of this periodic transmission of Bluetooth s data and acknowledgement packets the collision is observed among ZigBee and WLAN systems. To improve the throughput of the system, the routing protocol is studied. This protocol will help to choose most reliable route for transmission of packets. Thus due to this the path whose efficiency is high is chosen that will ultimately ignore the path in which collision has occurred and the most optimum path for transmission will be selected. VIII. PROPOSED WORK AND RESULTS Since ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth coexist at the frequency of 2.4GHz, so the collision can t be avoided completely. Even though ZigBee and WLAN employ CSMA/CA but Bluetooth transmits its data packets periodically irrespective of the ongoing transmission in the channel. Consider the equation 1 for PER of ZigBee transmission packet under the interference of WLAN and Bluetooth.[2] w BD BA P E = 1 - P S. P S. P S Equation 1. w P S : Probability that ZigBee packet is successfully received under the influence of WLAN and Bluetooth packets. Figure 4. Bluetooth and ZigBee Figure 4, shows that interaction of Bluetooth and ZigBee on the same plane with original technology and with enhanced technology. Similarly, Figure 4, shows that interaction of Bluetooth and WLAN on the same plane with original technology and with enhanced technology. 26

8 improve the user satisfaction in wireless networks. Figure 5. Bluetooth and ZigBee This will increase the throughput since the path whose packet drop ratio is the least will be chosen. IX. CONCLUSION Thus according to the literature survey, ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth are studied such that the interference power of WLAN and Bluetooth is considered as a partial jammer of ZigBee. Whereas, it has been found that when the number of nodes of the WLAN increases, a large interference between ZigBee, WLAN and Bluetooth Devices can be seen. So, to increase the throughput cross layer optimization is used which would result in design and implementation of a network using ZigBee, WLAN, and Bluetooth altogether. Although, different layers of OSI helps in throughput enhancement but physical and MAC Layer plays a major role in it. Also the research is needed to be combined to the particular user inputs with the measureable inputs from the various layers to REFERENCES [1] C. Hager, D. J. Shyy, and J. Ma, Cooperative Cross-Layer Design for Wireless Networks, JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 3, NO. 4, SEPTEMBER [2] D. K. Yoon, S. Y. Shin, and W. H. Kwon, Packet error rate analysis of IEEE b under IEEE interference, IEEE VTC -Spring, 2006, pp [3] R. E. Ziemer, R. L. Peterson, and D. E. Borth, Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, [4] D. K. Yoon, S. Y. Shin, and W. H. Kwon, Packet error rate analysis of IEEE b under IEEE interference, IEEE VTC Spring 2006, pp [5] Jeffrey Mehlman, Cross-Layer Design: A Case for Standardization. [6] Vijay T. Raisinghani, Sridhar Iyer Crosslayer design optimizations in wireless protocol stacks, October [7] Soo Young Shin, Hong Seong Park, Sunghyun Choi, Wook Hyun Kwon Packet Error Rate Analysis of ZigBee Under WLAN and Bluetooth Interferences IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 6, NO. 8, AUGUST

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