Routing / Bridging. Lecturer: Carlos Rey-Moreno
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1 Routing / Bridging Lecturer: Carlos Rey-Moreno carlos.reymoreno@gmail.com Networking Course Honors on Computer Science University of the Western Cape 12 Feb
2 Routed Networks Routed access points 29 2 Source: WTkit
3 Routed Networking As the network grows, it becomes necessary to use some sort of routing scheme to maintain traffic efficiency Advantages Broadcast domains are limited, making more efficient use of radio bandwidth Arbitrarily large networks can be made A variety of routing protocols and bandwidth management tools are available Disadvantages More complex configuration Roaming between APs is not supported 3 Source: WTkit
4 Routed Networking Large networks are built by applying routing between nodes. Static routing is often used on point-to-point links. Dynamic routing (such as RIP or OSPF) can be used on larger networks, although they are not designed to work with imperfect wireless links. Mesh routing protocols work very well with wireless networks, particularly when using radios in ad-hoc mode (B.A.T.M.A.N). 4 Source: WTkit
5 Bridged Networking Bridged access points 26 5 Source: WTkit
6 Bridged Networking For a simple local area wireless network, a bridged architecture is usually adequate Advantages Very simple configuration Roaming works very well Disadvantages Increasingly inefficient as nodes are added All broadcast traffic is repeated Virtually unusable on very large wide-area networks 6 Source: WTkit
7 Client Bridge problem The normal standard only uses three MAC addresses for frames transmitted between the AP & Sta. Frames transmitted from the Station to the AP do not include the source MAC of the requesting host Response frames are missing the destination MAC to address the target host behind the bridged Sta. Only proprietary solutions are able to solve the problem. 7
8 Frame Types. MAC header Frame Control: MAC control information, for all. Duration ID: only in RTS/CTS to activate the virtual carrier Sequence control: Use to identify different fragments Addresses: to bridge through the DS Address 1 & 2: Source and destination MACs Address 3: BSSID Address 4: Only used in Intra DS communication Frame body: Data to be transmitted FCS: Error check Normal header 28 bytes, DS header 34 bytes More overhead
9 9
10 Client Bridge problem (detailed) 1. Bridged Host sends a packet to the Target host 2. Frame is relayed via the W-LAN Client & the MAC address of the Tx wireless card is used as source MAC, original source MAC is discarded 3. W-LAN AP receives the frame and redirects it to the Target 4. Target receives the frame and generates a response 5. Target responds to the received frame using the (wrong STA, not Bridged Host) source MAC as destination 6. W-LAN AP relays the frame to the W-LAN Client with the given destination MAC 7. W-LAN Client receives the frame and assumes it is the final destination since it's wireless MAC is used in the frame, the packet is not forwarded 8. Bridged Host never sees a response frame since the W-LAN Client became the destination, no connection is possible 10
11 Solutions Routing client NAT masquerading Routed Topology Wireless Distribution Systems (WDS) Proprietary ARP-NAT // Pseudobridges (relayd) SECN firmware of Mesh Potatoes Next week 11
12 Routed client It is the most generic possibility to implement client mode connectivity, It is supported on all wireless chipsets and drivers and requires no special modifications. Disadvantages: Inability to bridge network segments or relay broadcast traffic (connection by IP address or host name is still possible in any case). Two possibilities: masquerading routed topology 12
13 Masquerading Using masquerating (NAT) on the client router allows connecting a whole network segment behind the client to an existing wireless network. Hosts in the client network (red) are able to reach hosts in the AP network (blue) Hosts on the AP side (blue) are not able to reach hosts behind the Client router (as in the Internet where hosts in the LAN cannot be directly connected). All traffic originating from client hosts uses the as source IP address, but the real source MAC address. The Client router keeps a lists of references between the real MAC and the real IP address (arp chaos) 13
14 Routed Topology Using this variant requires a static route on the AP pointing to the subnet behind the client router using the client routers IP on the AP network as gateway. Advantage is that hosts on both segments are able to reach each other directly Downside is that one requires administrative access to the AP. Hosts from the client network (red) are able to reach hosts in the AP network (blue) and vice versa. The rectangles represent static route entries. 14
15 WDS The WDS mode is a non-standard extension to the wireless standard using a 4-address-format to allow transparent ethernet bridging on the station and to implement seamingless hand-over for wireless clients roaming between different access points. Due to its non-standard nature, WDS is often differently implemented in wireless drivers and vendor firmwares making them incompatible to each other. In order to be able to use WDS one should use the same hard- and software on all deployed wireless devices to have the best possible compatibility. The biggest advantage of WDS is the Layer 2 transparency enabling bridging and broadcasting across the wireless connections - all involved network segments form one common broadcast domain. 15
16 WDS 16
17 WDS 1. Bridged Host sends a packet to the Target host 2. Frame is relayed via the W-LAN Client, the sending ethernet MAC is preserved 3. W-LAN AP receives the frame and redirects it to the Target using the second source MAC as sender address 4. Target receives the frame and generates a response 5. Target responds to the received frame using the given source MAC as destination 6. W-LAN AP relays the frame to the W-LAN Client with the right MAC as second destination address 7. W-LAN Client receives the frame and redirects it to the final destination using the second destination MAC as target 8. Bridged Host receives the response frame, connection is established 17
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