ZigBee. Jan Dohl Fabian Diehm Patrick Grosa. Dresden,

Transcription

1 Faculty of Computer Science Chair of Computer Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks, Dr. W. Dargie ZigBee Jan Dohl Fabian Diehm Patrick Grosa Dresden,

2 Structure Introduction Concepts Architecture Implementation Evaluation Reference TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 2 of 56

3 Introduction TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 3 of 56

4 Introduction What is ZigBee? Specification of protocols for small, low-power radios History May 2003: IEEE completed December 2004: ZigBee specification ratified June 2005: public availability ZigBee-Alliance Companies developing and promoting the standard 150+ members TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 4 of 56

5 ZigBee Alliance - Members and many more... TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 5 of 56

6 Concepts TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 6 of 56

7 Why do we need another WPAN standard? Decreasing Power consumption ZigBee: 10mA <==> BT: 100mA Production costs In the beginning of 2005 ZigBee: 1.1 $ <==> BT: 3 $ Development costs Codesize ZB/codesize BT = ½ Bit-error-rate (BER) TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 7 of 56

8 Why do we need another WPAN standard? picture taken from [9] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 8 of 56

9 Why do we need another WPAN standard? Increasing Sensitivity ZigBee: -92dbm(0,63pW) <==> BT: -82dbm(6,2pW) flexibility No. of supported nodes ZigBee: (in a mesh) <==> BT: 7 (in a star) Security ZigBee: AES (128bit) <==> BT: SAFER (64/128bit) Latency requirements ZigBee: optional guaranteed time slot Range ZigBee: up to 75 m in LOS condition <==> BT: 10 m TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 9 of 56

10 Usage Scenarios Industrial & commercial Consumer electronics Toys & games PC & periphals Personal health care home/building automation Just everything you can imagine for wireless sensor nodes or in general short range communications TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 10 of 56

11 ZigBee Frequency Bands TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 11 of 56

12 ZigBee Protocol Stack 7Layer ISO-OSI-Model Simplified 5Layer ISO-OSI-Model IEEE 802 Model 7 Application User Application <<ZigBee 6 Presentation 5 Session Application Profile Upper Layers 4 Transport 3 Network Network 2 Data Link Data Link Logic Link Control (LLC) << Media Access Control (MAC) 1 Physical Physical Physical TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 12 of 56

13 Protocol Stack picture taken from [10] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 13 of 56

14 ZigBee Profiles Profiles: Definition of ZigBee-Profiles describes a common language for exchanging data defines the offered services device interoperatbility across different manufacturers Standard profiles available from the ZigBee Alliance profiles contain device descriptions unique identifier (licensed by the ZigBee Alliance) TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 14 of 56

15 Architecture TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 15 of 56

16 ZigBee Node-Types ZigBee Coordinator (ZBC) (IEEE FFD) only one in a network initiates network stores information about the network all devices communicate with the ZBC routing functionality bridge to other networks TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 16 of 56

17 ZigBee Node-Types ZigBee Router (ZBR) (IEEE FFD) optional component routes between nodes extends network coverage manages local address allocation/de-allocation TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 17 of 56

18 ZigBee Node-Types ZigBee End Device (ZBE) (IEEE RFD) optimized for low power consumption cheapest device type communicates only with the coordinator sensor would be deployed here TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 18 of 56

19 Addressing/Discovering ZigBee Nodes Addressing ZigBee Nodes: optimized unique 64 bit address (IEEE ) 16 bit network address (65536 devices) 256 sub addresses for subunits Device Discovery unicast (NWK id known), broadcast (NWK id unknown) ZBC-/ZBR-Response: IEEE address + NWK address + all known network addresses Binding creating logical links between 2 or more end devices TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 19 of 56

20 Addressing/Binding ZigBee Endpoints picture taken from [11] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 20 of 56

21 Traffic-Types 1. Data is periodic application dictates rate 2. Data is intermittent application or stimulus dictates rate (optimun power savings) 3. Data is repetitive (fixed rate a priori) device gets guaranteed time slot TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 21 of 56

22 Traffic-Modes 1. Beacon mode: beacon send periodically Coordinator and end device can go to sleep Lowest energy consumption Pricise timing needed Beacon period (ms-m) picture taken from [1] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 22 of 56

23 Beacon-Mode picture taken from [8] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 23 of 56

24 Traffic-Modes 1. Non-Beacon mode: coordinator/routers have to stay awake (robust power supply needed) heterogeneous network asymmetric power picture taken from [1] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 24 of 56

25 Topologies Mesh-Topology picture taken from [7] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 25 of 56

26 Topologies Tree-Topology picture taken from [7] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 26 of 56

27 Implementation TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 27 of 56

28 PHY layer 2400MHz Band specs 4 Bits per symbol DSSS with 32 Bit chips O-QPSK modulation Sine halfwave impulses Medium Binary Data Bit to Symbol Symbol to Chip QPSK Mod. picture taken from [4] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 28 of 56

29 PHY layer 868/915 MHz Band specs 1 Bit per symbol Differential encoding DSSS with 15 Bit Chips BPSK modulation RC impulses (roll-off = 1) Medium Binary Data Diff. Encoder Bit to Chip BPSK Mod. TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 29 of 56

30 PHY layer General specs and services Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) < 35% -3dBm minimum transmit power (500µW) Receiver Energy Detection (ED) Link Quality Indication (LQI) Use ED & LQI to reduce TX-power Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) with 3 modes 1.Energy above threshold 2.Carrier sense only 3.Carrier sense with energy above threshold TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 30 of 56

31 PHY layer PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) frame structure Frame to be sent via radio Preamble for chip and symbol synchronization Contains either data or data acknowlegement Packet size Octets Contains MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) table taken from [1] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 31 of 56

32 MAC layer Channel access specification Beacon/Nonbeacon Define Superframe structure Slotted/unslotted CSMA-CA TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 32 of 56

33 MAC layer Managing PANs Channel scanning (ED, active, passive, orphan) PAN ID conflict detection and resolution Starting a PAN Sending beacons Device discovery Device association/disassociation Synchronization (beacon/nonbeacon) Orphaned device realignment TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 33 of 56

34 MAC layer Transfer handling Transaction based (indirect transmission) Beacon indication Polling Transmission, Reception, Rejection, Retransmission Acknowleded Not acknowledged GTS management Allocation/deallocation Usage Reallocation Promiscous mode TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 34 of 56

35 MAC layer Frame security Provided security features Access control Data encryption Frame integrity Sequential freshness Avaiable security modes Unsecured mode ACL mode Secured mode Avaiable security suites AES-CTR AES-CCM AES-CBC-MAC TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 35 of 56

36 MAC layer How far have we come? Problem: How do 6 and 7 talk to coordinator 0? Solution: Routing (NWK Layer) TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 36 of 56

37 NWK layer Distributed address assignment Tree structure or self managed by higher layer 16Bit network space divided among child routers Child routers divide there space again for their children Depends on: Maximum child count per parent Maximum child-routers per parent Maximum network depth TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 37 of 56

38 NWK layer Distributed address assignment - Example Cm=2 ; Rm=2 ; Lm=2 Depth in network d Offset Value ? TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 38 of 56

39 NWK layer Routing cost Metric to compare goodness of routes Base: Link cost between 2 neighbors Path cost = sum of link costs along the path Link cost determination: Link quality indication from PHY Statistical measures TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 39 of 56

40 NWK layer Route discovery Find or update route between specific source and destination Started if no active route present in routing table Broadcast routing request (RREQ) packets Generates routing table entries for hops to source Endpoint router responds with Routing response (RREP) packet Routes generated for hops to destination Routing table entry generated in source device TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 40 of 56

41 NWK layer Route discovery RREQ RREP TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 41 of 56

42 NWK layer Routing Check if routing table entry exists Initiate route discovery if possible Hierarchical routing as fallback Route maintenance Track failed deliveries to neighbors Initiate route repair when threshold reached Careful with network load! In case of total connectivity loss: Orphaning procedure Re-association with network TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 42 of 56

43 Application Level picture taken from [11] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 43 of 56

44 Application Level picture taken from [11] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 44 of 56

45 Application Layer Application Support Sub-layer (APS): interface to NWK-layer (offers general set of functions) Data transmission, binding and security management picture taken from [1] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 45 of 56

46 Application Level picture taken from [11] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 46 of 56

47 Application Layer Application Framework: Specifies Datatypes Devices describe themselves by ZigBee descriptor: frequency band power description application flags application version serial number manufacturer... TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 47 of 56

48 Application Layer Supported Data-types table taken from [1] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 48 of 56

49 Application Level picture taken from [11] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 49 of 56

50 Application Layer ZigBee defined Objects (ZDO): provides common function for applications Initializes APS, NWK-Layer and Security Service Specification offers services like device-/service-descovery, binding and security management assembles information about the network for ZBC/ZBR -> e.g. binding table picture taken from [1] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 50 of 56

51 Evaluation TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 51 of 56

52 Pros and Cons Pros Cons good extension of existing standards supported by many companies low power consumption low cost easy implemented (Designer concentrates on end application) flexible network structure Not many end devices available yet Single point of failure (centralized architecture) TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 52 of 56

53 Gadget example Pantech & Curitel P1 phone Only a prototype control electrical appliances Check temperature & humidity Sending messages in case of trespass picture taken from [9] TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 53 of 56

54 References TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 54 of 56

55 References [1] ZigBee Specifications v1.0 [2] Designing with and ZigBee, Presentation Slides, available on ZigBee.org [3] ZigBee Tutorial, [4] IEEE Specification [5] Network Layer Overview, Presentation Slides, Ian Marsden, Embedded Systems Show, Birmingham, October 12th, 2006, r00ZB_MG_Network_Layer_Overview.pdf, available on ZigBee.org [6] Designing a ZigBee Network, Presentation Slides, David Egan, Ember Corporation, ESS 2006, Birmingham, r00ZG_MG_Network_Design.pdf, available on ZigBee.org [7] ZigBee Architecture Overview, Presentation Slides, Oslo, Norway June 2005, ZigBee_Architecture_and_Specifications_Overview.pdf, available on ZigBee.org [8] Low Power Consumption Features of the IEEE /ZigBee LR-WPAN Standard, [9] ZigBee Home Automation Mobile from Pantech, [10] Basic Lecture - ZigBee [11] Introduction to the ZigBee Application Framework, Presentation Slides, ZigBee Open House, San Jose, June 15th, 2006, r06ZB_AFG-Overview-ZigBee-Open-House.pdf, available TU Dresden, on ZigBee.org ZigBee Short range comunication slide 55 of 56

56 Thank you for your attention! TU Dresden, ZigBee Short range comunication slide 56 of 56