Contents. Introduction to Networking. Preface...i. Introduction... xix

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1 Contents Introduction to Networking Introduction to Networking Preface...i Key Topics...i Course Objectives...ii Pedagogical Features...ii Learning Objectives, Unit Summaries, Discussion Questions, and Activities/Exercises...ii Key Terms...iii Supplements...iii Advancing Your Level of Technical Expertise...iii Why Choose WestNet?...iv Introduction... xix What is a Network?...xix Why Study Networking?... xx Unit 1 Computers and Software in Networks...1 Devices on Networks...5 Desktop Computers: PCs and Workstations...6 Mid-Range Computers and Servers...6 Mainframe Computers... 7 PDAs... 7 Peripheral Devices...8 Internetworking Devices...8 Activities... 9 v

2 Introduction to Networking Internal Computer Components: CPU, I/O, Memory, and NICs...11 CPU...11 I/O...12 Video Display...15 Memory...16 NICs...18 Different Networks, Different NICs...18 Each NIC is Unique Activities Software...22 Programs and Processes...23 Master/Slave Communication...23 Peer-to-Peer Communication Client/Server Communication...26 Peers, Servers, and Hosts Application Software...28 Network Applications OSs...30 Two Important Points GUIs Basic OS Features Networking Features in OSs...32 Device Drivers...33 Network Management Software Network Security Utilities Network Management Tools Remote Access Services Backup and Recovery Utilities...35 Activities Lesson 4 Popular OSs...40 Microsoft Windows...40 Windows Desktop OSs...40 Windows NT Windows Embedded OSs Novell NetWare...44 UNIX...45 Linux...46 Mac OS Activities vi

3 Contents Unit 2 Carrier Signals, Cable Types, and Network Topologies...55 Communication and Signals...61 Analog and Digital Transmission Analog Transmission Modulation...63 Analog Bandwidth...63 Digital (Baseband) Transmission Digital Signals Over Analog Links Digital Bandwidth One-Way or Two-Way Transmission Signal Timing...67 Signaling Standards...67 ITU IEEE...68 EIA and TIA ANSI ISO Different Signals, Different Media Activities Network Topologies...73 Types of Networks...74 Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topologies...77 Ring Star Ring...78 Wide Area Topologies...79 Mesh...80 Network Cloud...81 Advantages of Cloud Networks Network Backbone Hybrid Topologies, Internetworks, and Enterprise Networks Logical and Physical Topologies...87 Physical Star, Logical Bus...87 Physical Star, Logical Ring...88 Activities Copper Cable...93 Coaxial Cable Base Base vii

4 Introduction to Networking viii Twisted Pair Cable...97 UTP Cable BaseT Star Topology...99 STP Cable IBM Cable Types ScTP NEC Activities Lesson 4 Fiber Optic Cable Fiber Communication Systems Transmitter Receiver Fiber Optic Cable Construction Fiber Optic Dimensions Types of Fiber Optic Cable Multimode Fiber Step-Index Fiber Graded-Index Fiber Single-Mode Fiber Installing Fiber Optic Cable Activities Lesson 5 Wireless Transmission How Wireless Transmission Works The Electromagnetic Spectrum Competition for the Finite RF Spectrum Wireless Networking Applications Point-to-Point Microwave Systems Satellites GEO Satellites LEO Satellites Cellular Systems and PCS Wireless LANs Licensed Microwave LANs Nonlicensed Spread Spectrum LANs Short-Range Infrared Transmission Wireless LAN Comparison Mobile Computing Activities Lesson 6 Overview of a Structured Cable Plant Structured Wiring Systems Cable Convergence Hub-Based Distributed Star Topology Industry-Wide Standards...131

5 Contents The EIA/TIA-568 Standard Structured Wiring Subsystems Building Entrance Punch-Down Blocks Patch Panels Equipment Room Vertical (Backbone) Cabling Wiring Closets Horizontal Wiring Work Area Universal Wiring Subsystems Cabling Distances Cabling Types Vertical (Backbone) Cabling Horizontal Cabling Activities Unit 3 Computer Protocols and Services Protocols What is a Protocol? Human Protocols Computer Protocols A Simple Machine Protocol Protocol Headers Activities Layers of Protocols and Services A Layered Communication System Why Layers? Layers of Computer Protocols Layers of Services Peer Processes Differences between Protocol Layers Meaning vs. Signaling Logical vs. Physical End-to-End vs. Point-to-Point How Layers Work Together Encapsulation and Protocol Headers Decapsulation Reassembly Activities ix

6 Introduction to Networking Communicating Across a Network Making a Local Request for Data Configuring the Client Computer Requesting Data from a Drive Across a Network Activities Unit 4 The OSI Model Introduction to the OSI Model The OSI Open Standard The OSI Stack Activities The Physical Layer Hardware Devices A Stream of Bits Minimal Error Detection Example: Manchester Encoding Activities The Data Link Layer Frames Across a Link Packets Within Frames Frame Addressing Data Link Layer Services On the Transmitting Node On the Receiving Node Error Detection and Correction: FCS Data Link Layer Protocols One Link, One Frame Activities Lesson 4 The Network Layer Packets Across Networks Network Layer Addresses vs. Data Link Layer Addresses Packet Routing Basic Data Transmission Methods Circuit Switching Packet Switching Connection- Oriented Networks Connectionless Networks x

7 Contents Network Layer Services Network Layer Protocols Activities Lesson 5 The Transport Layer End-to-End Communication Transport Layer Services Addressing Connection Management Flow Control and Buffering Multiplexing and Parallelization Reliable and Sequenced Delivery Service Quality Management Transport Layer Protocols Activities Lesson 6 The Session Layer Electronic Conversations Establishing, Conducting, and Ending a Session Dialogs Token Passing Activity Management Sync Points Session Layer Protocols Activities Lesson 7 The Presentation Layer Computer Numbering The Binary Numbering System The Hexadecimal Numbering System Presentation Layer Services Data Representation Data Compression Activities Lesson 8 The Application Layer Common Application Layer Programs USENET Newsgroups File Transfer and Access Virtual Terminals Web Browsers and Servers Activities xi

8 Introduction to Networking Unit 5 LANs LAN Data Link Protocols A Short History of the LAN When Mainframes Ruled the Earth Enter the PC New Data Link Protocols LLC Sublayer MAC Sublayer The IEEE 802 Suite of LAN Protocols Activities Ethernet Ethernet Medium Access Control CSMA/CD Advantages of Ethernet Disadvantages of Ethernet Ethernet Configurations Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Activities Token Ring and FDDI Token Ring Medium Access Control Types of Token-Passing Networks Advantages of Token Ring Disadvantages of Token Ring Token Ring Configurations FDDI Dual Channels ETR and Multiple Messages Synchronous Traffic Activities Lesson 4 Wireless LANs Wireless Protocols Wireless at the Physical Layer Wireless at the Data Link Layer CSMA/CA Wireless Standards Wireless LAN Configurations All Wireless LAN xii

9 Contents Wireless Links Between LANs Mobile Nodes WPANs and Bluetooth Activities Lesson 5 LAN Software Architectures NOSs and LAN Architectures NetBIOS and NetBEUI Novell NetWare NetWare Protocol Layers AppleTalk Shift to Open Standards AppleTalk Phase II Protocol Layers Cross-Platform Communication Microsoft Windows NT UNIX and TCP/IP Common Ground: TCP/IP Activities Lesson 6 Information Flow Between Client and Server Protocols and Layers SMB Information Flow and Format Client Asks Server to Open the File Server Informs Client That the File is Open Client Asks Server to Read the File Server Reads the File and Transmits the Contents to the Client Client Asks Server to Close the File Server Informs Client That the File is Closed Activities Unit 6 Network Components Repeaters and Hubs Repeaters Hubs Token Ring MAUs Token Ring Repeaters Ethernet Collision Domains Stackable Hubs Chassis Hubs Activities xiii

10 Introduction to Networking Bridges Bridge Functionality Traffic Isolation Types of Bridges Activities Switches Switch Functionality Traffic Isolation with Switches Activities Lesson 4 Routers Router Functionality Multiprotocol Routing How Routers Move Packets Between Networks Routers Rebuild Frames Internet Routers Broadcast Domains Router Advantages and Disadvantages Activities Lesson 5 Gateways Types of Gateways Gateways and Remote Access Activities Unit 7 WANs Point-to-Point WAN Services Common Point-to-Point Services POTS Analog Connections Modems Dial-Up Lines Leased Lines DSL T-Carriers and E-Carriers T1 Bandwidth DS Hierarchy FT Customer Premise Equipment for T-Carriers xiv

11 Contents ISDN How ISDN Works BRI PRI Channel Bonding SONET SONET Rings Activities Switched WAN Services Types of Switched Services X Frame Relay Frame Relay Characteristics Frame Relay Implementation ATM The Development of ATM Transfer Modes ATM Characteristics The Internet Internet Structure Internet, Intranet, and Extranet VPNs Activities Choosing WAN Products and Services The Many Trade-Offs of WAN Design Cost Performance Comparing File Transfer Times Bits vs. Bytes Signaling Overhead Activities Unit 8 Integrating the Course Elements Building a Small Peer-to-Peer Network What You Will Need Overview of the Process Connect the Cables Set Up Client for Microsoft Networks xv

12 Introduction to Networking Network and Transport Layers: Bind Protocols to Each NIC Network and Transport Layers: Configure TCP/IP Assign IP Addresses and Subnet Masks Upper Layers: Configure Workgroup and Resource Sharing Virus Prevention and Detection Activities Expanding the Small Network Servers and NOSs File Servers Database Servers Print Servers RASs Web Servers Traffic Isolation Adding a Switched Backbone Wireless Bridges Activities Connecting Networks Routers and Traffic Isolation LAN-to-LAN Connectivity Connecting to the Internet Home Dial-Up Access SLIP PPP Business Internet Access Activities Lesson 4 Data Flow Across Networks Common Network Configuration Information Flow on a Hub Information Flow Across a Switched Backbone Information Flow Across a WAN DNS Activities Course Quiz Glossary Index xvi

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